Asteroids and planetesimals regularly bombarded Earth between about 4.6 billion and 3.5 billion years ago, in the Hadean and Archean eons. Because few rocks today are more than 4 billion years old, our understanding of the planet’s environment during that time is limited. However, samples from the Moon and its cratered surface hint at the period’s rate of cosmic impacts. Early asteroid strikes were responsible for significant changes in Earth’s crust, which was primarily basalt-like at the time.