Ali Riaz Malik

Keywords Family planning South Asia Married women of reproductive age Modern contraceptive use Contraceptive use Unmet need Meta-analysis Evidence before this study Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) in South Asia remains below the global average, with persistent unmet needs and substantial disparities across and within countries.

The Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen invented his visual chart in 1862 and it has remained the basis for assessing visual acuity since then. The Snellen chart relies on assessing the ability to discriminate high contrast symbols (optotypes) by asking a person to identify rows of letters at a fixed distance, showing them increasingly smaller sizes. Yet quantifying how well an individual can distinguish visual information in a fast and reliable way is a surprisingly difficult task.