In their Comment article, Rosas and colleagues outline two ways of approaching neuroscience and make a laudable plea for methodological pluralism by arguing that each strategy has merit (Rosas, F. E. et al. Top-down and bottom-up neuroscience: overcoming the clash of research cultures. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00946-x; 2025)1. They define the two approaches, or research cultures, as follows.