Highlights • Parvalbumin neurons in the sTRN mediate the recognition of familiar conspecifics • The encoding and retrieval of social memory require PPC→sTRN and sTRN→PF circuits • GABA release controlled by the PPC→sTRN→PF circuit is involved in social memory • The inhibitory engram cells in the sTRN may store individual information Summary Social memory has been developed in humans and other animals to recognize familiar conspecifics and is essential for their survival and reproduction.