Woo Kyung Kim

Submitted: 31 December 2025 You are already at the latest version Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common pigmentary disorder characterized by excessive melanin production following skin inflammation. Histamine, a key inflammatory mediator, is known to stimulate melanogenesis via H2 receptors; however, the underlying calcium signaling mechanisms remain largely unexplored.

To achieve spinal stability, posterior pedicle screw fixation is widely used as an effective treatment for degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine7,16,22). However, conventional (open) posterior pedicle screw fixation requires extensive dissection and excessive traction on muscle, causing weakening of the supporting structures of the spine11,18,26,27,29,30).

Minimally invasive spine surgery may allow for surgery of the lumbar spine with considerably less blood loss and soft tissue damage. Recently, to reduce the adverse effect of the open technique of pedicle screw, the percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPF) is becoming more widespread in spinal surgery. Many studies about PPF have been reported, but still, there are rare reports about the result of multilevel (≥3 levels) PPF4,10,12,18).