Gulzarull Hasan

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Introduction Chronic hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, is associated with potential damage to various organ systems. Type 2 diabetes, driven by insulin resistance or deficiency, constitutes the majority of cases, showcasing a dramatic increase over the past three decades across all income-level countries. Its rise highlights a significant global health challenge. Conversely, type 1 diabetes, characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, typically presents earlier in life.