Keywords Humans, Endothelial Cells, Genome-Wide Association Study, Proteomics, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Lung, lung cell types, single nucleotide polymorphisms, single-cell transcriptomics, lineage tracing, gene-and-environment interaction Abstract The onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is heterogeneous, and current approaches to define distinct disease phenotypes are lacking.