The icon indicates free access to the linked research on JSTOR. As of 2017, an estimated 4.5 million U.S. citizen children had at least one undocumented parent. For these children, the possibility that their parents could face immigration enforcement, including deportation, had significant effects on their well-being, research by Lauren Gulbas and Luis Zayas found. Gulbas and Zayas interviewed 83 children, divided into three categories.