Mark Rider

ABSTRACT We use a randomized controlled trial to gauge the impact of a legal literacy messaging campaign on litigants’ perceptions about fairness and efficiency of the recently reformed judicial system in the tribal areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. These targeted messages were designed to inform citizens about their rights regarding legal procedures, provisions for appeals, and other actions that can be undertaken to seek justice.

Keywords Purine nucleotide metabolism AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) glycemic regulation muscle glucose uptake liver glucose production Introduction Glycemia is determined by a balance between dietary intake, tissue uptake and utilization, and hepatic gluconeogenesis. After a meal, blood glucose levels rise, triggering insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake, primarily by skeletal muscle, while inhibiting hepatic glucose production.

Highlights In humans, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity is reduced in white adipose tissue (WAT) of insulin-resistant individuals and increased by weight loss. Adipocyte AMPK is activated by catecholamines and inhibited by insulin. Allosteric drug and metabolite site activators potently activate adipocyte AMPK, but do not always inhibit lipolysis or glucose uptake, challenging former views of AMPK function in WAT. AMPK activation suppresses insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in WAT.