Nadeem Bari

Submitted: 07 December 2025 You are already at the latest version The microbiota–gut–brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional communication system integrating neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways to coordinate gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) function. As the majority of human microbes reside in the gastrointestinal tract, their metabolic activity and immunomodulatory roles are essential for systemic homeostasis, cognitive processes, mood regulation, and neuroprotection.

Submitted: 15 September 2025 Posted: 16 September 2025 You are already at the latest version The gut microbiota has emerged as a critical immune-metabolic interface, orchestrating a complex network of interactions that extend well beyond digestion. This highly diverse community of bacteria, viruses, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes modulates host immunometabolism, metabolic reprogramming, and systemic inflammatory responses, thereby shaping human health and disease trajectories.

You are already at the latest version This comprehensive review explores the critical role of microbial adaptation in enhancing food safety by responding to diverse environmental stressors—an essential aspect of microbial ecology with profound implications for biotechnology, environmental management, and public health.