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Articles by Nano Engineering
Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Engineered Living Materials Reinforced by Filamentous Cyanobacteria (Adv. Funct. Mater. 85/2026)
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Nuclease-Free Scalable Purification of Physalis Mottle Virus-Like Particles Expressed in Escherichia coli
1 Introduction Plant virus-based nanotechnologies have recently emerged as platforms for immunotherapy and drug delivery (Azizi et al. 2023; Alemzadeh et al. 2018; Peralta-Cuevas et al. 2025). These viral nanoparticles are self-assembling proteinaceous particles that can be repurposed as nanomaterials due to their ease of production, structural symmetry, and amenability to chemical and genetic modification, allowing them to carry biomedically relevant cargoes (Douglas and Young 1998; Masarapu et al.
Position Over Composition: Positional Isomerism Enables Encapsulation-Independent Intrinsic Stability in a Conjugated Polymer
1 Introduction Conjugated polymers (CPs) offer tunable optoelectronic properties and solution processability, driving advances in light-emitting, photovoltaic, and sensing technologies [1-3]. However, their operational lifetimes remain short; paradoxically, the very π-delocalization that enables function also makes them vulnerable to light and heat, enforcing a long-standing functionality–stability trade-off [4-8].
High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur All-Solid–State Batteries Enabled by Chemically Synthesized Lithium Polysulfide Cathodes
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description adma75274-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx16.1 MB Supporting File: adma75274-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx.
Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries With Aqueous Relithiation: Mechanistic Insights and Recent Advances
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References 1, , and , “Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery: A Critical Review,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 44 (2014): 1129–1165. 2, , , et al., “Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries From Electric Vehicles,” Nature 575 (2019): 75–86.
Self-Propelled Magnesium Microrobots With Enzyme-Encapsulated Metal-Organic Framework for Accelerated Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation in Harsh Environments
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description smll75576-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx1.6 MB Supporting File 1: smll75576-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx. smll75576-sup-0002-VideoS1.mp46.7 MB Supporting File 2: smll75576-sup-0002-VideoS1.mp4.
A 3D-Printed Microvascular Surgery Training Platform With High-Fidelity, Biomimetic Properties
Conflicts of Interest L.H., K.N., R.A., D.B.B., and S.C. are coinventors on a provisional patent application related to this work filed by the University of California, San Diego (no. 63,891,202; filed 30 September 2025). The authors declare that they have no other conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Protease-Triggered Chromogenic Release From Peptide-Modified Calcium Carbonate Microspheres Enables Colorimetric Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis Activity
1 Introduction Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the tissues supporting the teeth and is estimated to affect approximately 19% of the global adult population, representing more than 1 billion cases worldwide [1]. Gingival inflammation is induced by the dysbiotic accumulation of multispecies bacterial biofilms at the gingival margin, which elicits destructive immune-inflammatory responses [2].
Predicting Cure Evolution and Thermal Endurance of a Highly Filled Epoxy Underfill for Advanced Packaging
Conflicts of Interest Dr. Elena Moukhina is an employee of NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, the developer of the Netzsch Kinetics Neo software used for the kinetic modeling in this study. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement Data associated with this paper are publicly available through the NIST Public Data Repository at https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-4162.
Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Engineered Living Materials Reinforced by Filamentous Cyanobacteria
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm77499-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx11.6 MB Supporting File: adfm77499-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx. References 1, , and , “Stimuli-responsive engineered living materials,” Soft Matter 17 (2021): 785–809.
Cold Sintering of Calcite and Calcite–Silica Composites
1 Introduction Ordinary portland cement (OPC) is the most widely produced and consumed manufactured material worldwide [1]. However, its production requires high energy input, emits substantial CO2, and consumes significant natural resources, making it environmentally unsustainable [2]. As a result, OPC manufacturing accounts for more than 7% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, making it a major target for decarbonization in the construction sector [3].
Deciphering Kinetic Principles of Dual-Anion Electrolytes for Extreme Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Zwitterionic Self-Assembled Monolayer for Simultaneous Noise Suppression and Hole Extraction in High-Performance Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors (Adv. Funct. Mater. 39/2026)
How to cite Elkins, L. J., & Spiegelman, M. (2021). pyUserCalc: A revised Jupyter notebook calculator for uranium-series disequilibria in basalts. Earth and Space Science, 8, e2020EA001619. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001619 How to cite text copied to clipboard! COPY TEXT Download Citation If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download.
Investigation of Halogen Substitution Effects in π‐Conjugated Organic Ligands of Chiral Hybrid Perovskites on Their Chiroptical Activity
1 Introduction Perovskites have garnered significant attention due to their optoelectronic properties. They possess high light absorption coefficients and excellent charge carrier mobility, enabling efficient light conversion and charge transport [1, 2]. Additionally, perovskites feature long carrier diffusion lengths [3] and tunable bandgaps [4], making them highly versatile for applications such as solar cells [5, 6], photodetectors [7, 8], and light-emitting devices [9].
Scalable Purification of Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) and Its Bioconjugates From Plant Extracts Using Ultrafiltration
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare the following competing financial interests: Dr. Steinmetz is a co-founder and CEO of and has equity in PlantiosX Inc. Dr. Steinmetz is a co-founder of and has equity in Mosaic Immuno, Inc. Dr. Steinmetz is a co-founder and manager of Pokometz Scientific LLC, under which she is a paid consultant to Ring Therapeutics, Inc. The other authors declare no potential COI.
Zwitterionic Self‐Assembled Monolayer for Simultaneous Noise Suppression and Hole Extraction in High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Organic Photodetectors
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm74380-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx8.2 MB Supporting File: adfm74380-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx. References 1, , , et al., “Visible and Near-Infrared Multi-Modal Spectral Adaptation Organic Photodetector,” Advanced Functional Materials 35 (2025): 2504273.
Metalloborophenes: Structural Diversity and Emerging Properties of Metal-Boron Two‐Dimensional Frameworks
Metalloborophenes, an emerging subclass of 2D materials, have attracted growing attention owing to their exceptional structural diversity and highly tunable electronic and magnetic properties. Constructed from vacancy-rich borophene frameworks stabilized by electron donation from incorporated metal atoms, metalloborophenes merge the chemical versatility of boron with the functional richness of metal dopants.
Activating High‐Loading Cathodes Using Percolative Graphite in Rechargeable Alkaline Zn-MnO2 Batteries
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description smll72025-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx31.8 MB Supporting File: smll72025-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx.
Understanding and Designing Lithiophilic Alloyed Metal Anodes for Practical Metal Batteries
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The authors have nothing to report. References 1, , , et al., “Electric Vehicle Batteries Alone could Satisfy Short-Term Grid Storage Demand by as Early as 2030,” Nature Communications 14 (2023): 119, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35393-0.
Label‐Free Detection of Nuclear Envelope Nucleoporation using 2D Morphological Embeddings and Machine Learning
1 Introduction Efficient delivery of cargo into the nucleus remains a major challenge in manufacturing gene-edited cell therapies due to the formidable barrier posed by the nuclear envelope (NE). While viral vectors can bypass these barriers, their application is limited by high production costs, immunogenicity, and off-target effects.[1, 2] Non-viral delivery systems, especially physical methods, offer cost-effectiveness and versatility.
Site‐Selective Fluorination of Bathocuproine Derivatives for Enhanced Performance and Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells
Selective Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Methanol: A Roadmap toward Practical Implementation
Muscle‐Mimetic Thermomechanical Adaptive Hydrogels Capable of Isometric Exercise
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest Supporting Information Filename Description adfm72136-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf1.9 MB Supporting Information References 1, , , , Biophys. J. 1999, 77, 354. 2, , , , , , , J. Physiol. 2003, 549, 93. 3, , , , Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2022, 122, 2153. 4, , , , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 13927. 5, , J. Exp. Biol. 2017, 220, 2017. 6, J. Comp. Physiol. B 2013, 183, 723. 7, , , , , Science 2019, 363, 504. 8, , Adv. Intell. Syst. 2020, 2, 1900135. 9, , , Adv.
Toward Translation of Cowpea Mosaic Virus Intratumoral Immunotherapy With a Scalable Production Process
1 Introduction Nanoparticles show potential for cancer therapy—while early applications focused on reformulation and targeting of existing drugs, novel applications focus on nanoparticles as therapeutics. For example, metallic nanoparticles find applications as tumour ablation devices (Evans et al. 2018; Cardinal et al. 2008) and viral nanoparticles as gene delivery vectors, oncolytic virotherapy and immunomodulators (Omole et al. 2024).
Algae‐MOF Biohybrid Microrobots for Rapid and Efficient On‐The‐Fly Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Nanoscale Curvature Regulates YAP/TAZ Nuclear Localization Through Nuclear Deformation and Rupture
1 Introduction Mechanotransduction, the set of processes by which cells respond to mechanical cues by altering their signaling response, is critical for integration of chemical and physical stimuli in different physiological environments.
Polytype selection in the antisolvent-free crystallization of formamidinium lead iodide using alkylammonium chlorides
Polytype selection in the antisolvent-free crystallization of formamidinium lead iodide using alkylammonium chlorides† Understanding the nucleation, crystallization, and phase transition mechanisms in perovskite thin films produced without antisolvent quenching is crucial for improving phase stability and optoelectronic performance at scale.
Micron Size NaCrO2 Particles Enable High‐loading Dry‐processed Electrode for Sodium Ion Batteries
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description smll202501504-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx7.3 MB Supporting Information References 1a) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Chem. Rev. 2020, 121, 1623; b) , , , , Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2001310. 2a) , , , , Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11636; b) , , , , Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 6358; c) , , , , , Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706310; d) , , , , , , , , Electrochim. Acta 2018, 282, 30. 3a) , , , , Adv. Funct. Mater.
Single crystal purification reduces trace impurities in halide perovskite precursors, alters perovskite thin film performance, and improves phase stability
Single crystal purification reduces trace impurities in halide perovskite precursors, alters perovskite thin film performance, and improves phase stability† Impurities present in commercially available halide perovskite precursors are known to affect photovoltaic performance.
Molecular Interlayer for High‐Performance and Stable 2D Tin Halide Perovskite Transistor
1 Introduction Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have rapidly emerged as a leading class of semiconductor materials due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including long carrier diffusion length, tunable bandgap, and high absorption coefficient, as well as their facile solution-processed fabrication.[1-3] These attributes have driven unprecedented performance and cost-effectiveness in various devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), detectors, and lasers.[4-10]...
Deep learning assisted high‐resolution microscopy image processing for phase segmentation in functional composite materials
1 INTRODUCTION In the era of information, the emphasis has transitioned from data collection to data processing. Currently, an abundance of data is accessible across various research domains, and the primary hurdle lies in extracting meaningful information through its processing.
Development of Conjugated Polymers from Pharmaceutical Intermediates for High‐Performance Panchromatic Organic Photodetectors and Fingerprint Image Sensors
1 Introduction Finding new conjugated building blocks is crucial for diversifying conjugated polymers and realizing novel optoelectronic properties.[1-6] Fundamentally, these building blocks must be fully conjugated and have functional groups capable of substituting alkyl chains to produce solution-processable polymers.[7-9] Currently, a variety of widely used conjugated building blocks, such as benzodithiophene, fluorene, diketopyrrolopyrroles, and thienopyrroledione, meet these two...
Universal Prophylactic Antitumor Vaccination Using Stem Cell Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles
1 Introduction Cancer remains one of the most difficult-to-treat human diseases, with traditional therapeutic modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation often failing to offer complete cures.[1-3] Recent advancements in immunotherapy, including various vaccination strategies, have opened new avenues for promoting durable antitumor responses.[4, 5] In terms of vaccine design, nanoparticulate platforms offer a number of distinct advantages that help to boost antigen-specific immune...
First‐Principles Approach for Predicting Chiral Helimagnetism
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm202501665-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf1.3 MB Supporting Information References 1, , , , Nat. Rev. Phys. 2021, 3, 328. 2, , , , , Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 15. 3, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1958, 4, 241. 4, Phys. Rev. 1960, 120, 91. 5, , J. Appl. Phys. 1962, 33, 1133. 6, , Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 899. 7, , Solid State Commun. 1982, 42, 209. 8, , , , , , , , , , Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 108, 107202.
First-Principles Approach for Predicting Chiral Helimagnetism
1 Introduction Chiral helimagnets with exotic topological spin textures hold great potential for developing next-generation spintronic technology.[1, 2] These chiral helical spin structures are stabilized by the competition between the symmetric exchange interaction and the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), driven by the absence of inversion symmetry.[3-5] The former promotes a collinear spin arrangement, while the latter favors a perpendicular spin ordering.
Engineered Nanotopographies Induce Transient Openings in the Nuclear Membrane (Adv. Funct. Mater. 6/2025)
Zeinab Jahed Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093 USA Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093 USA Search for more papers by this author
Improving the operational stability of electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction via salt precipitation understanding and management - Nature Energy
Abstract The practical application of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) technology remains hindered by poor stability, primarily owing to bicarbonate salt formation at the cathode, which blocks reactant CO2 mass flow.
Distinctive Doping Behavior of Conjugated Polymers With Pendant‐Side Conjugation for Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm202422778-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx5.3 MB Supporting Information References 1, , , Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2209673. 2, , , , , , , , , , Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2105865. 3, , , , , , Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2105423. 4, , , , , , J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 9634. 5, , , , , , ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 60498. 6, , , , , , , , , Small 2023, 19, 2207879. 7, , , , , Small 2023, 19, 2206938.
Highly Simplified FeCl3‐Assisted Copolymerization and Doping for Organic Thermoelectrics
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description pol20241058-sup-0001-supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 4.6 MB Data S1. Supporting Information. References 1, , , et al., “Asymmetric Additive-Assisted Organic Solar Cells With Much Better Energy Harvesting and Wireless Communication Performance,” Advanced Energy Materials 13 (2023): 2301755.
Exploring π-extended chiral ligands for the direct detection of circularly polarized light in 2D chiral perovskites
Exploring π-extended chiral ligands for the direct detection of circularly polarized light in 2D chiral perovskites† Perovskites incorporating chiral organic ligands are promising for circularly polarized light (CPL) photodetectors. This study introduces biphenyl-based chiral amines, (R/S)-BPEAs, which enabled the successful synthesis of chiral perovskites with larger-sized ligands.
Engineered Nanotopographies Induce Transient Openings in the Nuclear Membrane
1 Introduction Materials with engineered nanoscale surface topography are showing great promise in modulating cell-material interactions by providing unique physical cues that cells respond to.
Multifunctional Scavenger Boosts Cathode Interfacial Stability with Reduced Water Footprint for Direct Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Conflict of Interest A patent disclosure is under filing with UCSD's Office of Innovation and Commercialization. Supporting Information Filename Description adma202408463-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx6.1 MB Supporting Information References 1, in Reuse and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries, (Ed. G. Zhao), John Wiley & Sons, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119321866.ch6. 2, , , , J. Power Sources 2018, 399, 274. 3, , , , Matter 2020, 3, 1845. 4, , , , , , , Global Challenges 2022, 6, 2200099.
Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of polymer networks comprising virus-like particles
Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing of polymer networks comprising virus-like particles† In this work, we introduce a 3D-printable virus-like particle (VLP)-enhanced cross-linked biopolymer system. VLPs displaying surface-available acrylate groups were prepared through aza-Michael addition to serve as resins. The VLP resins were then photopolymerized into a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) network following DLP 3D printing.
Vertically Phase Separated Photomultiplication Organic Photodetectors with p‐n Heterojunction Type Ultrafast Dynamic Characteristics
Photomultiplication (PM)-type organic photodetectors (OPDs), which typically form a homogeneous distribution (HD) of n-type dopants in a p-type polymer host (HD PM-type OPDs), have achieved a breakthrough in device responsivity by surpassing a theoretical limit of external quantum efficiency (EQE). However, they face limitations in higher dark current and slower dynamic characteristics compared to p-n heterojunction (p-n HJ) OPDs due to inherent long lifetime of trapped electrons.
Cowpea mosaic virus intratumoral immunotherapy maintains stability and efficacy after long‐term storage
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a potent adjuvant for tumor- and tissue-agnostic intratumoral immunotherapy. Foundational work delineates the mechanism of action of CPMV to modulate the tumor microenvironment. Toward translating this novel anti-cancer drug candidate toward the clinic, this study investigates the longitudinal and thermal stability of aqueous formulations of CPMV and concludes the best long-term storage condition is −20°C.
Extrusion-based 3D printing of soft active materials
Extrusion-based 3D printing of soft active materials Active materials are capable of responding to external stimuli, as observed in both natural and synthetic systems, from sensitive plants to temperature-responsive hydrogels. Extrusion-based 3D printing of soft active materials facilitates the fabrication of intricate geometries with spatially programmed compositions and architectures at various scales, further enhancing the functionality of materials.
Colorimetric sensing for translational applications: from colorants to mechanisms
Colorimetric sensing for translational applications: from colorants to mechanisms Colorimetric sensing offers instant reporting via visible signals. Versus labor-intensive and instrument-dependent detection methods, colorimetric sensors present advantages including short acquisition time, high throughput screening, low cost, portability, and a user-friendly approach. These advantages have driven substantial growth in colorimetric sensors, particularly in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics.
A highly conductive, robust, self-healable, and thermally responsive liquid metal-based hydrogel for reversible electrical switches
A highly conductive, robust, self-healable, and thermally responsive liquid metal-based hydrogel for reversible electrical switches† This study introduces a thermally responsive smart hydrogel with enhanced electrical properties achieved through volume switching. This advancement was realized by incorporating multiscale liquid metal particles (LMPs) into the PNIPAM hydrogel during polymerization, using their inherent elasticity and conductivity when deswelled.
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