Roel van Klink

1 Introduction Biodiversity is changing at rates unprecedented in human history, along with the functions and services biodiversity provides (Díaz 2019; Reid et al. 2019; Li and Tsigaris 2024). However, in the last decades, many of the generalities about biodiversity change come from terrestrial systems, where large scale datasets have been synthesised to show widespread losses, typically linked to land-use changes, one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss (Loh et al. 2005; Newbold et al.

1 Introduction Freshwater ecosystems cover only 0.8% of Earth's surface but play an outsized role in maintaining biodiversity, which in turn provides valuable ecosystem functions and services (Cardinale et al. 2012; Dudgeon et al. 2006). However, intensive anthropogenic pressures can reduce freshwater biodiversity and shift species composition (Feio et al. 2023; Feld et al. 2016; Petsch et al. 2021; Tickner et al. 2020).

Insects are the most species-rich group of animals on Earth, and, together with other arthropods, make up most of the terrestrial animal biomass [1]. They provide a myriad of ecosystem functions and interact with species across the tree of life.