Introduction THE POLICING ORGANISATION in England and Wales—especially the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)—has been beset by controversy since 2020 as a result of the exposure of past and existing policing practices and cultures emerging from official inspections and inquiries, and the convictions of serving police officers for the most serious of offences—including rape and murder. Attempts to drive out corruption and improve standards have further, and inevitably, uncovered further failings.