SONAM VERMA

Disclosure No AI tools were used in preparing this article. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. References , , , and . 2025. “Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Calcareous Soils: Problems and Prospects.” Journal of Plant Nutrition 48: 2179–2200. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2025.2477269. , and . 2008.

Keywords Female, Humans, Pregnancy, COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, Pandemics, Placenta, Proteomics, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine Efficacy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious Abstract As the COVID-19 pandemic continues into its third year, emerging data indicates increased risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, stillbirth, and risk of developmental defects in neonates.

Abstract Marginal zone (MZ) B cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by sensing bloodborne antigens and producing rapid antibody and cytokine responses. CD55 is a membrane-bound complement regulator that interferes with complement activation, an important component of innate immunity. CD55 also regulates adaptive immunity-CD55 downregulation is critical for germinal center reactions. MZ B cells also express low CD55, but its role in MZ B cell function is unknown.