Wonkeun Chang

Abstract Optical phase modulators are critical components in integrated photonics, but conventional designs suffer from a trade-off between modulation efficiency and optical loss. Two-dimensional materials like graphene offer strong electro-optic effects, yet their high optical absorption at telecom wavelengths leads to significant insertion losses.

We present an analytical framework for characterizing the light coupling behavior of antiresonant hollow core fibers (AR-HCFs) through the introduction of an effective numerical aperture. This concept is particularly relevant for few-mode AR-HCFs, which are increasingly employed in applications such as low-loss delivery of multi-kilowatt-level laser beams and ultra-low latency communication in high-frequency trading and data center environments.

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