Yin Su

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description jfds71375-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx902.5 KB Supplementary Materials: jfds71375-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx References , , , , , and . 2019. Inhibition of Thrombin, An Unexplored Function of Retinoic Acid. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 18: 100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100636. , , and . 2020. “Freeze-Drying of Plant-Based Foods.” Foods 9, no. 1: 87.

1 Introduction With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the conservation of natural ecosystems has become a critical global issue (Huang et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2011; Zhai et al. 2020). In China, the establishment of national-level nature reserves (NLNRs) has played a crucial role in protecting biodiversity, maintaining ecological balance, and preserving vital ecosystems (Jiao et al. 2022; Xu et al. 2017; Yang et al. 2024; Zhang et al. 2017).

Abstract There is an urgent need to understand the immune correlates of protection against avian influenza viruses (AIV), where pre-existing immunity may be limited. Here, we characterized the antibody response in 12 severely ill A(H7N9) patients and examined its association with early-life imprinting and clinical outcome. We find that A(H7N9) patients imprinted with A(H2N2) during early life show minimal H7-IgM and a rapid IgG response across diverse hemagglutinin subtypes.