Yingyuan Sun

Abstract The Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) bridges cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolism by transporting pyruvate into mitochondria for ATP production and biosynthesis of various essential molecules. MPC functions as a heterodimer composed of MPC1 and MPC2 in most mammalian cells.

Farzana Tuli and Patricia M. Kane* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) acidify several organelles in all eukaryotic cells and export protons across the plasma membrane in a subset of cell types. V-ATPases are multisubunit enzymes consisting of a peripheral subcomplex, V1, that is exposed to the cytosol and an integral membrane subcomplex, Vo, that contains the proton pore.

Abstract Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes, constituting up to 50% of plasma membrane lipids. By contrast, it accounts for only 5% of lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)1. The ER enzyme sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (also named acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase, ACAT1) transfers a long-chain fatty acid to cholesterol to form cholesteryl esters that coalesce into cytosolic lipid droplets.