Zifa Wang

Abstract China faces challenges in reaching its carbon neutrality goal by the year 2060 to meet the Paris Agreement and improving air quality simultaneously. Dramatic nitrogen emission reductions will be brought by this ambitious target, yet their impact on the natural ecosystem is not clear.

Plastics are extensively utilized in various applications due to their exceptional plasticity, flexibility, durability, stability, and low-cost features. The fragmentation is the process by which plastics decompose into smaller particles once they enter the environment. Decomposed plastics are classified according to their dimensions, wherein microplastics (MPs) have a diameter of less than 5 mm and nanoplastics (NPs) range in diameter from 1 to 1000 nm [1].

Low-permeability reservoirs are rich in oil resources, accounting for two-thirds of China's oil reserves, and are gradually becoming the focus of reservoir development [1], [2]. The inherently challenging nature of low-permeability reservoirs, characterized by small pore throats, high capillary pressure, and low permeability, presents significant obstacles to efficient energy extraction [3].