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Articles by Brain-Machine Integration
Polygenicity shapes distinct brain patterns and clinical profiles of bipolar disorder
Background Bipolar disorder (BD) manifests both genetic predispositions and brain imaging abnormalities. Genetic analyses provide a powerful approach to disentangling the associations between BD and brain imaging-derived phenotype (IDP). However, in East Asian (EAS) populations, the genetic basis of these neuroimaging changes and their clinical relevance remains underexplored due to limited integrative evidence.
Automating multi-label crisis detection in psychological support hotlines with pre-trained models
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Citation: Rao S, Deng G, Song H, Chen Q, Luo M, Zhang Y, et al. (2026) Automating multi-label crisis detection in psychological support hotlines with pre-trained models. PLOS Digit Health 5(5): e0001383. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0001383 Editor: David Fraile Navarro, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, AUSTRALIA Received: December 16, 2025; Accepted: April 7, 2026; Published: May 13, 2026 Copyright: © 2026 Rao et al.
Structured water molecules drive activation and G protein selectivity in the GPR174 receptor
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Citation: Dong Y-J, Xi K, Zhang Y-Z, Xue J-H, Shen D-D, Zang S-K, et al. (2026) Structured water molecules drive activation and G protein selectivity in the GPR174 receptor. PLoS Biol 24(5): e3003447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003447 Academic Editor: Raimund Dutzler, University of Zurich, SWITZERLAND Received: September 24, 2025; Accepted: April 13, 2026; Published: May 7, 2026 Copyright: © 2026 Dong et al.
fMRI-guided V1-targeted rTMS improves depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Trial design This study was designed as a double-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Hangzhou, China). Randomization codes and group assignments were generated using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Each participant was randomly assigned a unique code corresponding to either the active or sham stimulation group based on a pre-generated randomization list.
The biomarker and clinical changes across the Alzheimer’s continuum study (BCAS): rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the first 1,013 participants | Alzheimer's Research & Therapy | Springer Nature Link
Overview of study design The BCAS is an ongoing, longitudinal cohort study established in 2016 at the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, embedded within routine clinical practice and leverages the hospital’s multidisciplinary memory clinic infrastructure (Fig. 1). At baseline, participants undergo standardized clinical evaluations, including detailed cognitive assessments, neuroimaging, and collection of biospecimens (blood and optional cerebrospinal fluid).
Spatiotemporal Immune Dynamics in Experimental Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury Models
1 Introduction Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a critical role in transmitting visual information to the brain, and damage to their cell bodies or axons can lead to irreversible vision loss [1]. The cell bodies of RGCs are situated in the retina, while their axons converge at the optic nerve head (ONH) and form the optic nerve [2]. These RGC axons project to various brain regions via the optic chiasm, thereby contributing to both visual and nonvisual complex signal processing [3].
Gut microbiota links to cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder via modulating synaptic plasticity - BMC Medicine
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Zhejiang University (reference number #2017–397). BD patients with depressive episodes were recruited in this study through the Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The diagnosis of BD was made according to DSM-IV-TR criteria.
A transcriptomic resource for glial GABA-associated ASH neuronal aging and candidate pathways
Abstract Introduction: Neuronal aging is tightly linked to neurodegeneration with dysregulation of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, contributing to age-associated neuronal impairment. Our prior work demonstrated that restoring the key GABA-synthesizing enzyme UNC-25 (glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD) in Caenorhabditis elegans AMsh glia mitigates age-related neurodegeneration.
Alleviating cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder with a novel DTI-guided multimodal neurostimulation protocol: a double-blind randomized controlled trial | BMC Medicine | Full Text
As shown in Fig. 1, the novel MNS protocol is a sequential stimulation approach that combines personalized tACS and robot-assisted navigated rTMS. The personalized tACS intervention is administered at 40 Hz for a duration of 30 min. Immediately following the tACS, neuro-navigated rTMS is performed.
Astrocytic mGluR5-dependent calcium hyperactivity promotes amyloid-β pathology and cognitive impairment
Astrocytic dysfunction is a crucial factor for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is ubiquitously expressed in the brain and is a key molecule that regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity. It has been shown that mGluR5 is elevated in astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease. However, it remains elusive how astrocytic mGluR5 contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
Explainable deep learning algorithm for identifying cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related hemorrhage (CVST-ICH) from spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage using computed tomography
Keywords Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage Deep learning Explainable AI Evidence before this study Delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related intracerebral hemorrhage (CVST-ICH) are common, because venography is not routinely used as the initial imaging modality for ICH patients in emergency settings.
The Paraventricular Hypothalamus: A Sorting Center for Visceral and Somatic Pain - Neuroscience Bulletin
This is a preview of subscription content, to check access. Get 10 units per month Download Article/Chapter or eBook 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter Cancel anytime Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full article PDF. Rent this article via DeepDyve References Penfield W, Boldrey E. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 1937, 60: 389–443. Article Google Scholar Schott GD.
Correction: CD2AP deficiency aggravates Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes and pathology through p38 MAPK activation - Translational Neurodegeneration
Correction: Translational Neurodegeneration (2024) 13:64 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-024-00454-5 Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported an error in the Fig. 3h, which presented incorrect lane image of p-tau 396. The Fig. 3 is corrected from: Neuronal Cd2ap deletion aggravated cognitive function and pathological features in APP/PS1 mice. a Scheme of the experimental mouse timeline.
Temperature cues are integrated in a flexible circadian neuropeptidergic feedback circuit to remodel sleep-wake patterns in flies
Fig 4. LPN inhibit LNd through AstC-AstCR pathway to promote evening sleep during temperature increase. (A) LPN neurons form synaptic connections with some but not all LNds. (B) EM reconstruction showing LPNs (red), LPN-postsynaptic LNd (blue), and all LNds (green), with magnified potential dense synaptic sites (right). (C) Predicted presynaptic sites of LPNs and postsynaptic sites of LPN-postsynaptic LNds in Flywire data set [23].
Sex differences in the human brain related to visual motion perception - Biology of Sex Differences
Abstract Previous studies have found that the temporal duration required for males to perceive visual motion direction is significantly shorter than that for females. However, the neural correlates of such shortened duration perception remain yet unclear.
Impact of second-generation antipsychotics monotherapy or combined therapy in cytokine, lymphocyte subtype, and thyroid antibodies for schizophrenia: a retrospective study | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
Altogether, 30 drug-naïve patients with SCZ, 64 patients in the SGA monotherapy group (20 first-episode SCZ; 44 recurrent SCZ), 39 patients in the combined therapy for recurrent SCZ (18 with antidepressant; 10 with BZD; 11 with mood stabilizer), and 23 recurrent patients who used to receive SGA monotherapy (had withdrawn for at least two weeks) were enrolled. (Fig. 1).
A small population of stress-responsive neurons in the hypothalamus-habenula circuit mediates development of depression-like behavior in mice
Keywords lateral habenula lateral hypothalamus activity-dependent labeling stress-responsive neurons “starter” cells of stress functional heterogeneity depression-like behaviors Get full text access Log in, subscribe or purchase for full access. References 1. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Lancet Psychiatry.
Sex-specific associations between levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and severity of depression: retrospective cross-sectional analysis of inpatients in China | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
Medical records were retrospectively examined for inpatients diagnosed with depressive disorder at Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital between January 2018 and August 2022. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital.
Glymphatic System Impairment in the Advanced Stage of Moyamoya Disease
We explored the factors influencing glymphatic system in moyamoya disease using the diffusion tensor imaging analysis along with the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS). The DTI-ALPS was associated with Suzuki stage, periventricular anastomose, enlarged perivascular spaces, white matter hyperintensities, hemorrhage, and cerebral blood flow in moyamoya disease. Additionally, the glymphatic system activity may affect cognitive function and postoperative collateral formation.
Involvement of basolateral amygdala‐rostral anterior cingulate cortex in mechanical allodynia and anxiety‐like behaviors and potential mechanisms of electroacupuncture
1 INTRODUCTION Chronic pain causes tremendous burdens, affecting over 30% of people around the world.1 Patients with chronic pain can suffer from mental disorders, including anxiety.2, 3 Currently, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and 5-serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) is beneficial in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain and mental disorders.4, 5 Meanwhile, SSRIs and SNRIs often produce adverse effects such as gastrointestinal effects.6, 7...
Microglia in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus sense hemodynamic disturbance and promote sympathetic excitation in hypertension
1Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China 2Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China 3Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China 4Department of Cardiology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China 5Zhejiang...
A two-layer neural circuit controls fast forward locomotion in Drosophila
Bucher D. Haspel G. Golowasch J. Nadim F. Central pattern generators. in: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, 2015 Current principles of motor control, with special reference to vertebrate locomotion. Physiol. Rev. 2020; 100: 271-320https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2019 Neurobiology of Motor Control: Fundamental Concepts and New Directions. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.
A prefrontal-habenular circuitry regulates social fear behaviour
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of social impairments including social fear. However, the precise subcortical partners that mediate mPFC dysfunction on social fear behaviour have not been identified. Employing a social fear conditioning paradigm, we induced robust social fear in mice and found that the lateral habenula (LHb) neurons and LHb-projecting mPFC neurons are synchronously activated during social fear expression.
The safety and efficacy of escitalopram and sertraline in post-stroke depression: a randomized controlled trial - BMC Psychiatry
This study was conducted at the Affiliated First Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, with a focus on recruiting middle-aged and elderly stroke patients. Sixty patients with PSD, including both inpatients and outpatients, were enrolled in the study from March1st 2020 to April30th 2022. The diagnosis was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires administered by two professionally trained psychiatrists. All patients were voluntary and had the option to withdraw at any time.
Altered individual gray matter structural covariance networks in early abstinence patients with alcohol dependence - Brain Imaging and Behavior
Abstract While alterations in cortical thickness have been widely observed in individuals with alcohol dependence, knowledge about cortical thickness-based structural covariance networks is limited. This study aimed to explore the topological disorganization of structural covariance networks based on cortical thickness at the single-subject level among patients with alcohol dependence.
Identify Potential Causal Relationships Between Cortical Thickness, Mismatch Negativity, Neurocognition, and Psychosocial Functioning in Drug-Naïve First-Episode Psychosis Patients
Cortical thickness (CT) alterations, mismatch negativity (MMN) reductions, and cognitive deficits are robust findings in first-episode psychosis (FEP). However, most studies focused on medicated patients, leaving gaps in our understanding of the interrelationships between CT, MMN, neurocognition, and psychosocial functioning in unmedicated FEP. This study aimed to employ multiple mediation analysis to investigate potential pathways among these variables in unmedicated drug-naïve FEP.
Novel α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) potentiator LT‐102: A promising therapeutic agent for treating cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia
1 INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a pervasive, severe, and chronic mental disorder characterized by positive (e.g., hallucinations and delusions), negative (e.g., avolition and self-neglect), and cognitive symptoms (e.g., impaired attention and memory).1 While antipsychotic drugs targeting D2 dopamine receptors effectively manage positive symptoms, their impact on cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) is less pronounced.2, 3 As patients and caregivers frequently report CIAS...
Orchestrating neuronal activity-dependent translation via the integrated stress response protein GADD34
Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Liangzhu Laboratory, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Research Units for Emotion...
Effect of antipsychotics and mood stabilisers on metabolism in bipolar disorder: a network meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials
ArticlesVolume 71102581Open access aDepartment of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China bSchool of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China cShanghai Jing ‘an District Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, 200040, China dHangzhou Medical College, School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China eZhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou, 310003, China fBrain Research Institute of Zhejiang...
Blood-based CNS regionally and neuronally enriched extracellular vesicles carrying pTau217 for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and differential diagnosis | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text
Participating centers obtained ethics approval before enrollment in the study, and all participants provided written informed consent before blood collection. Samples were collected from a total of 523 participants in the multicenter study.
Structures and ion transport mechanisms of plant high-affinity potassium transporters
Abstract Plant high-affinity K+ transporters (HKTs) mediate Na+ and K+ uptake, maintain Na+/K+ homeostasis, and therefore play crucial roles in plant salt tolerance. In this study, we present cryoelectron microscopy structures of HKTs from two classes, class I HKT1;1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHKT1;1) and class II HKT2;1 from Triticum aestivum (TaHKT2;1), in both Na+- and K+-bound states at 2.6- to 3.0-Å resolutions. Both AtHKT1;1 and TaHKT2;1 function as homodimers.
Using a longitudinal network structure to subgroup depressive symptoms among adolescents - BMC Psychology
Among the 1480 eligible students, 1145 participants (585 [51.1%] girls) had valid data at the four time points, including 277 4th grade students (24.2%; average age 10 years), 242 5th grade students (21.1%; average age 11 years), 258 6th grade students (22.5%; average age 12 years) and 368 7th grade students (32.1%; average age 13 years). At the four time points, the percentages of PHQ-9 scores equal to or above 5 were 27.9%, 27.9%, 32.2% and 31.2%, respectively.
High-Resolution Laminar Identification in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex Using Neuropixels Probes
Abstract Laminar electrode arrays allow simultaneous recording of activity of many cortical neurons and assignment to correct layers using current source density (CSD) analyses. Electrode arrays with 100-micron contact spacing can estimate borders between layer 4 versus superficial or deep layers, but in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) there are far more layers, such as 4A which is only 50-100 microns thick.
Conformational transitions and activation of the adhesion receptor CD97
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Snapshot of the cannabinoid receptor 1-arrestin complex unravels the biased signaling mechanism
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work. These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers the cell type-dependent transcriptomic changes in the retrosplenial cortex after peripheral nerve injury
Highlights • Increasing the activity of CamkⅡα+ neurons in the RSC sensitizes pain of naive mice • Peripheral nerve injury induces cell type-dependent transcriptomic changes • Excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission is unbalanced in the RSC after nerve injury • Decreasing calcium-permeable AMPARs’ activity in the RSC relieves neuropathic pain Summary The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a vital area for storing remote memory and has recently been found to undergo broad changes after...
Stress relief as a natural resilience mechanism against depression-like behaviors
Highlights • Magnitude of stress relief positively correlates with resilience to depression • Stress relief persistently activates VTA-DA neurons • DA projections to NAcLat and dNAcMed encode relief to prevent despair and anhedonia • Providing natural rewards at stress termination increases resilience to depression Summary Relief, the appetitive state after the termination of aversive stimuli, is evolutionarily conserved.
Editorial: New challenges and future perspectives in motivation and reward
Motivation plays a crucial role in one's connection with the world. Internal desires (internal drive) or environmental stimuli (external drive) in our daily lives, such as the energetic refreshment and pleasurable sensations following sports, drive our actions toward becoming reinforced behaviors. Therefore, motivated behaviors, occurring in pursuit of goals, are essential for the survival of species including humans.
Distinct Circuits from Central Lateral Amygdala to Ventral Part of Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Regulate Different Fear Memory
Abstract The ability to differentiate stimuli predicting fear is critical for survival, however, the underlying molecular and circuit mechanisms remain poorly understood. We combined transgenic mice, in vivo transsynaptic circuit-dissecting anatomical approaches, optogenetics, pharmacological methods and electrophysiological recording to investigate the involvement of specific extended amygdala circuits in different fear memory.
Dopamine release and negative valence gated by inhibitory neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
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Representation and decoding of bilateral arm motor imagery using unilateral cerebral LFP signals
1. Introduction Brain computer interface (BCI) provides a direct communication connecting the brain and external devices (Kawala-Sterniuk et al., 2021). A number of studies have shown that the kinematic information of limbs can be extracted from the neural signals of the motor cortex (Vilela and Hochberg, 2020). Regardless of whether limbs are in motion or motor imagery, these neural signals show different representation patterns for different movements (Miller et al., 2010).
Frontiers | Decreased plasma neuropeptides in first-episode schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder: associations with clinical symptoms and cognitive function
Background Schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorders (MDD) are common and serious mental illnesses associated with substantial morbidity and mortality as well as high personal and societal costs (1). Although these disorders are a severe public health problem (2), our understanding and treatment of mental illnesses have lagged behind the progress of other medical fields (3).
Neuromorphic computing facilitates deep brain-machine fusion for high-performance neuroprosthesis
1. Introduction Brain-machine interface (BMI) is a technology that enables direct interaction between the brain and external devices such as cursors, robotic arms, and prosthetic limbs, which has demonstrated great potential in various applications, including gaming, smart homes, and neural or motor rehabilitation (Hochberg et al., 2012).
Phase-amplitude coupling-based adaptive filters for neural signal decoding
1. Introduction Electrocorticography (ECoG) has been widely used for clinical diagnoses and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) (Wolpaw et al., 2002; Miller et al., 2010a). Compared with electroencephalography (EEG), which mostly reflects spectral activities below 50 Hz, ECoG contains high-frequency activities (up to 200 Hz), which encodes rich information for motor and cognitive behaviors.
Sensory innervation of the lumbar 5/6 intervertebral disk in mice
Introduction Back pain is a common disorder in the lumbar spines of adults, affecting over 50% of people during their lifetimes (1). Although pathologies in a variety of anatomical structures, such as intervertebral disks, facet joints, myofascial tissues, and sacroiliac joints, may lead to back pain (2), intervertebral disk pathology is thought to be a significant contributor to back pain, termed discogenic pain (3).
Neuronal representation of bimanual arm motor imagery in the motor cortex of a tetraplegia human, a pilot study
Dongrong Lai1, 2, 3, Zijun Wan1, 2, 3, Jiafan Lin1, 2, 3, Li Pan1, 2, 3, Feixiao Ren1, 4, Junming Zhu5, 6, Jianmin Zhang5, 6, Yueming Wang1, 6, 7, Yaoyao Hao4* and Kedi Xu1, 2, 3, 6* 1Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, China 2Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, China 3Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and...
Exploring the causes of augmentation in restless legs syndrome
1. Introduction Restless legs syndrome, also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is a sensorimotor disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, worsening symptoms at night, and for some patients, unpleasant sensations in the legs. The disorder affects an estimated 1–15.3% of the population, with about 1–3% of people overall experiencing severe and frequent symptoms (1–7).
Diverse CMT2 neuropathies are linked to aberrant G3BP interactions in stress granules
Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
Neural mechanism underlying depressive-like state associated with social status loss
The Social Origins of Depression. Tavistock Press, 1978 Price J. Sloman L. Gardner Jr., R. Gilbert P. Rohde P. The social competition hypothesis of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994; 164: 309-315https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.3.309 Social status and health in humans and other animals. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2004; 33: 393-418https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144000 Tiffin P.A. Pearce M.S. Parker L.
Thalamic structure and anastomosis in different hemispheres of moyamoya disease
Introduction Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a type of chronic cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive steno-occlusive changes at the terminal of the internal carotid arteries and the puff of smoke-like vascular network at the base of the brain (Suzuki and Takaku, 1969). Cerebral ischemia and intracranial hemorrhage are the two primary phenotypes of MMD.
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