X and Y gene dosage effects are primary contributors to human sexual dimorphism: The case of height Contributed by Huntington F. Willard; received February 12, 2025; accepted April 2, 2025; reviewed by Jacob L. Mueller and Melissa Wilson Significance Human stature is one of many physical phenotypes that vary between the sexes. On average, adult males are taller than females. However, the underlying biological mechanisms that explain this dimorphism are not entirely understood.