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Articles by Cornelia Betsch
Evidence-based communications for extreme heat and health
Abstract As Europe warms at nearly twice the global average rate, extreme heat poses a growing public health threat. Effective, evidence-based communication on heat-related health is essential to reduce heat-related morbidity and mortality.
People systematically under- and overestimate public engagement in climate action
Abstract Globally, people underestimate others’ support for climate action—a phenomenon frequently described as pluralistic ignorance, which is seen as a major barrier to collective climate engagement. However, little is known about whether pluralistic ignorance occurs regarding actual behaviour, what mechanisms underlie it and whether correcting it changes such behaviours.
Toward a unified understanding of climate anxiety: Examining measures of climate and eco-anxiety
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Citation: Hempel LM, Geiger M, Betsch C (2025) Toward a unified understanding of climate anxiety: Examining measures of climate and eco-anxiety. PLoS One 20(12): e0339562.
Rethinking behaviour change interventions in policymaking - Nature Human Behaviour
Behaviour change interventions that are unsuccessful may often be limited by structural constraints. Accumulating evidence across contexts helps to diagnose these barriers. Policymakers should combine structural and behavioural insights to enact systemic reforms to better address environmental and societal challenges.
Dataset of 69 German COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) surveys on pandemic attitudes, feelings and behaviours - Scientific Data
Abstract During a pandemic, knowledge, risk perceptions, trust in institutions and attitudes towards public health measures influence protective behaviours and mental health. The COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) project collected psychosocial data on pandemic-related attitudes, feelings and behaviours from representative samples in Germany. In sixty-nine cross-sectional online surveys conducted between 03.03.2020 and 29.11.2022, N = 69,013 individuals were assessed.
Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries
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Abstract Science is crucial for evidence-based decision-making. Public trust in scientists can help decision makers act on the basis of the best available evidence, especially during crises. However, in recent years the epistemic authority of science has been challenged, causing concerns about low public trust in scientists.
By Viktoria Cologna, Niels G. Mede, Sebastian Berger, Marina Joubert, Edward Maibach, Sabina Mihelj, Mike S. Schäfer, Balazs Aczel, Mark Alfano, Marlene S. Altenmüller, Denisa Apriliawati, Ani Bajrami, Keagile Bati, Cornelia Betsch, Apurav Bhatiya, Rahul Bhui, Olga Białobrzeska, Michał Bilewicz, Ondrej Buchel, Sami Çoksan, Steven De Peuter, Ramit Debnath, Sylvain Delouvée, Celia Diaz-Catalán, Kimberly C. Doell, Karen Douglas, Dmitrii Dubrov, Christian T. Elbaek, Benjamin Enke, Stefan Feuerriegel, Malte Friese, Simon Fuglsang, Omid Ghasemi, Mario Gollwitzer, Claudia González-Brambila, Hazel Gordon, Dmitry Grigoryev, Przemysław G Hensel, Mairéad Hurley, Maho Ishibashi, Dominika Jurgiel, John Kerr Verified, Tereza Klabíková Rábová, Olivier Klein, Aki Koivula, Lina Koppel, John E. Kotcher, Claus Lamm, Anthony Lantian, Aleksandra Lazić, Oscar Lecuona, Jean-Baptiste Légal, Zoe Leviston, Neil Levy, Amanda M. Lindkvist, Alberto Ortega, Nigel Mantou Lou, Chloe Lucas, Kristin Lunz-Trujillo, Mathew D. Marques, Hugo Mercier, Taciano L. Milfont, Joanne Miller, Panagiotis Mitkidis, Matt Motta, Jonas P. Nitschke, Daniel Nwogwugwu, Thomas Ostermann, Tobias Otterbring, Philip Pärnamets, Paolo Parra Saiani, Michal Parzuchowski, Yuri G. Pavlov, Charlotte R Pennington, Jan Pfänder, Ekaterina Pronizius, Katarzyna Pypno-Blajda, Pekka Räsänen, Adrian Rauchfleisch, Felix G. Rebitschek, Jan Philipp Röer, Robert Ross, Philipp Schmid, Emily Shuckburgh, Nevin Solak, Samantha Stanley, Gert Storms, Noel Strahm, Stylianos Syropoulos, Barnabas Szaszi, Ewa Szumowska, Boryana Todorova, Daniel Toribio-Flórez, Manos Tsakiris, Michael Tyrala, Christiana Varda, Steven Verheyen, Madalina Vlasceanu, Florian Wintterlin, Ziqian Xia, Ewa Zegler-Poleska, Amber Zenklusen
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Nature
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Perceptions of science, science communication, and climate change attitudes in 68 countries – the TISP dataset - Scientific Data
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Abstract Science is integral to society because it can inform individual, government, corporate, and civil society decision-making on issues such as public health, new technologies or climate change. Yet, public distrust and populist sentiment challenge the relationship between science and society.
By Niels G. Mede, Sebastian Berger, Marina Joubert, Edward Maibach, Sabina Mihelj, Balazs Aczel, Alaa Aldoh, Marlene S. Altenmüller, Ronita Bardhan, Cornelia Betsch, Rahul Bhui, Timothy Callaghan, Steven De Peuter, Kimberly C. Doell, Karen Douglas, Dmitrii Dubrov, Małgorzata Dzimińska, Christian T. Elbaek, Xiaoli Fan, Christina Farhart, Stefan Feuerriegel, Malte Friese, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Omid Ghasemi, Claudia González-Brambila, Dmitry Grigoryev, Markus Huff, Younes Jeddi, Dominika Jurgiel, John Kerr Verified, Alexandra I. Kosachenko, Claus Lamm, Aleksandra Lazić, Neil Levy, Chloe Lucas, Mathew D. Marques, Thomas Ostermann, Tobias Otterbring, Philip Pärnamets, Paolo Parra Saiani, Michal Parzuchowski, Yuri G. Pavlov, Adam Pearson, Charlotte R Pennington, Marija Petrovic, Jan Pfänder, Ekaterina Pronizius, Katarzyna Pypno-Blajda, Adrian Rauchfleisch, Felix G. Rebitschek, Jan Philipp Röer, Robert Ross, Philipp Schmid, Emily Shuckburgh, Johan Six, Nevin Solak, Samantha Stanley, Noel Strahm, Stylianos Syropoulos, Barnabas Szaszi, Ewa Szumowska, Boryana Todorova, Abdoul Kafid Toko, Daniel Toribio-Flórez, Michael Tyrala, Jochem van Noord, Steven Verheyen, Madalina Vlasceanu, Marcel Weber, Adrian Wójcik, Ziqian Xia, Ewa Zegler-Poleska
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Nature
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Braucht es eine Impfpflicht für Kinderkrankheiten?
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Mehr Fälle von Keuchhusten und Diphterie: Braucht es eine Impfpflicht für Kinderkrankheiten?
Längst deutlich zurückgedrängte Kinderkrankheiten kehren zurück. Nach einem Rückgang während der Corona-Jahre gehen zum Beispiel aktuell die Fallzahlen mit Keuchhusten durch die Decke. 2024 steuert die Zahl der Erkrankungen – im medizinischen Fachjargon Pertussis genannt, was so viel heißt wie „starker Husten“ – auf ein Rekordjahr zu: Bis Mitte Oktober registrierte das Robert Koch-Institut rund 19.700 Fälle dieser meldepflichtigen Erkrankung.
Understanding the complex links between social media and health behaviour
Fabiana Zollo, professor12, Andrea Baronchelli, professor3, Cornelia Betsch, professor45, Marco Delmastro, research fellow16, Walter Quattrociocchi, professor7 1Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy 2New Institute Centre for Environmental Humanities, Venice, Italy 3City University of London, London, United Kingdom 4University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany 5Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany 6Enrico Fermi Center for Study and Research, Rome, Italy 7Sapienza...
Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation - Nature Human Behaviour
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Abstract The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation.
By Anastasia Kozyreva, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen, Stefan M. Herzog, Stephan Lewandowsky, Ralph Hertwig, Joe Bak-Coleman, Sarit Barzilai, Adam Berinsky, Cornelia Betsch, Lisa K. Fazio, Michael Geers, Andrew Guess, Haifeng Huang, Horacio Larreguy, Rakoen Maertens, Folco Panizza, David Rand, Steve Rathje, Jason Reifler, Philipp Schmid, Mark Smith, Briony Swire-Thompson, Paula Szewach
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Nature
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Experimental testing of three categorization‐based interventions to reduce prejudice and discrimination against the unvaccinated in the aftermath of COVID‐19 - Sprengholz - Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy - Wiley Online Library
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges for public health provision. Following widespread and extended restrictions to limit the spread of the virus, many people welcomed the introduction of vaccines as a means of ending the pandemic.
Author Correction: Germany’s fourth COVID-19 wave was mainly driven by the unvaccinated - Communications Medicine
Correction to: Communications Medicine https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-022-00176-7, published online 16 September 2022 In the Background section of the Abstract, we would like to clarify that the 41% of recorded new cases mentioned is a proportion of recorded new symptomatic infections, not total new infections. The text read ‘…with about 41% of recorded new cases aged twelve or above being symptomatic breakthrough infections…’.
Lessons from COVID-19 for behavioural and communication interventions to enhance vaccine uptake - Communications Psychology
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The Covid pandemic has yielded new insights into psychological vaccine acceptance factors. This knowledge serves as a basis for behavioral and communication interventions that can increase vaccination readiness for other diseases. Introduction Although the COVID-19 pandemic is widely considered to be over, vaccination remains the crucial tool to protect people from severe disease. Notwithstanding adequate supply, vaccine uptake varies considerably among countries and segments of society.
By Stephan Lewandowsky, Philipp Schmid, Katrine Habersaat, Holly Seale, Cornelia Betsch, Robert Böhm, Brett Craig, Cass Sunstein, Sunita Sah, Daisy Fancourt, Heidi J. Larson, Alyona Mazhnaya, Mohan Jyoti Dutta, Konstantinos N Fountoulakis, Marta Caserotti, Giovanni de Girolamo, Carmen Rodriguez-Blazquez, Maria Falcon, Maria Romay-Barja, Maria João Forjaz, Andreas Lieberoth, Dawn L. Holford
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Nature
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We must harness the power of social and behavioural science against the growing pandemic of antimicrobial resistance - Nature Human Behaviour
Social and behavioural science offers a valuable toolkit for combating pandemics, but has not been broadly applied to tackle the rising pandemic of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi and viruses) adapt to survive exposure to medicines that normally kill them or inhibit their growth, which in turn makes these medicines less effective over time.
Development and validation of the pandemic fatigue scale - Nature Communications
Abstract The existence and nature of pandemic fatigue–defined as a gradually emerging subjective state of weariness and exhaustion from, and a general demotivation towards, following recommended health-protective behaviors, including keeping oneself informed during a pandemic–has been debated.
A call for immediate action to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake to prepare for the third pandemic winter - Nature Communications
A crowd-sourcing study made use of many health experts and explored a large number of possible interventions to increase booster vaccine uptake13. Two of the five interventions rated as both effective and acceptable by experts and members of the general public related to health-care personnel engagement—mobile vaccination teams and promotional campaigns. Three interventions were structural, such as providing incentives (e.g. day off, money, tax benefits).
The association between vaccination status identification and societal polarization - Nature Human Behaviour
Abstract Public discord between those vaccinated and those unvaccinated for COVID-19 has intensified globally. Theories of intergroup relations propose that identifying with one’s social group plays a key role in the perceptions and behaviours that fuel intergroup conflict. We test whether identification with one’s vaccination status is associated with current societal polarization.
Crowdsourcing interventions to promote uptake of COVID-19 booster vaccines
Education Increasing understanding of the disease, the vaccine or how to get vaccinated Persuasion Using communication to change what people think or feel Modeling Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate Psychological enablement Increasing the likelihood of people turning positive intentions intro behavior (e.g., nudging) Environmental restructuring Changing the physical context where vaccinations take place Incentivization Providing positive reward for vaccination Restriction...
Payments and freedoms: Effects of monetary and legal incentives on COVID-19 vaccination intentions in Germany
Procedure and materials We assessed relevant demographic information, financial worries, and psychological antecedents of vaccination for explorative purposes. After participants had read a scenario based on the legal incentive condition, they repeatedly decided between not getting vaccinated and getting vaccinated with an incentive ranging from 0 to 10,000 EUR. Financial worries.
Lessons learned about willingness to adopt various protective measures during the early COVID-19 pandemic in three countries
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Ana Paula Santana , Lars Korn, Cornelia Betsch, Robert Böhm Ana Paula Santana, Lars Korn, Cornelia Betsch, Robert Böhm Published: March 29, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265892 Abstract Background Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, concerted efforts have been invested in research to investigate and communicate the importance of complying with protective behaviors, such as handwashing and mask wearing.
To disclose or not to disclose? Factors related to the willingness to disclose information to a COVID-19 tracing app
Moritz Jörlinga Marketing Department, Emlyon Business School, Écully, FranceCorrespondencejoerling@em-lyon.com https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8556-3931View further author information , Sarah Eitzeb Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, Media and Communication Science, University Erfurt, Erfurt, GermanyView further author information Philipp Schmidb Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, Media and Communication Science, University Erfurt,...
Prebunking messaging to inoculate against COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: an effective strategy for public health
ABSTRACT Background Vaccination coverage needs to reach more than 80% to resolve the COVID-19 pandemic, but vaccine hesitancy, fuelled by misinformation, may jeopardize this goal. Unvaccinated older adults are not only at risk of COVID-19 complications but may also be misled by false information. Prebunking, based on inoculation theory, involves ‘forewarning people [of] and refuting information that challenges their existing belief or behavior’.
Information nudges for influenza vaccination: Evidence from a large-scale cluster-randomized controlled trial in Finland
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Lauri Sääksvuori , Cornelia Betsch, Hanna Nohynek, Heini Salo, Jonas Sivelä, Robert Böhm Lauri Sääksvuori, Cornelia Betsch, Hanna Nohynek, Heini Salo, Jonas Sivelä, Robert Böhm Published: February 9, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003919 Figures Abstract Background Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Corona: Impfskeptiker moralisch in die Pflicht nehmen
Impf-Skepsis reicht bis ins 18. Jahrhundert zurück. Mit einer "moralischen Impfpflicht" könne man einige Menchen überzeugen, sagt Psychologin Betsch in "Leschs Kosmos". 86 Prozent der Befragten sind der Meinung, dass das Verhalten der Impfgegner unverantwortlich sei. Quelle: dpa Seit Monaten gehen Tausende Menschen auf die Straße, weil sie in der Aufforderung zur Impfung ein Diktat des Staates sehen, dem sie nicht folgen wollen.
Zero-sum or worse? Considering detrimental effects of selective mandates on voluntary childhood vaccinations
Conflict of interest. None declared. To read this article in full you will need to make a payment Subscribe to The Journal of Pediatrics References Savulescu J, Giubilini A, Danchin M. Global Ethical Considerations Regarding Mandatory Vaccination in Children. J Pediatr [Internet] 2021;231:10–16. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022347621000287 Betsch C, Böhm R. Detrimental effects of introducing partial compulsory vaccination: experimental evidence.
Empirical evidence to understand the human factor for effective rapid testing against SARS-CoV-2
Significance Rapid testing with antigen tests accompanies efforts for controlling the disease dynamics in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. A high willingness to carry out these tests and high test literacy of potential users are needed. In four cross-sectional data collections with more than 4,000 participants, we showed that incentives can increase the willingness to undertake a test, while mandatory reporting was not perceived as a major barrier.
Comment on: “Willingness to Pay for a COVID-19 Vaccine”
Based on a Chilean sample (N = 531), Cerda and García [1] recently investigated the willingness to pay (WTP) for vaccination against COVID-19. While 91 participants indicated they would not pay for vaccination, the majority were willing to do so.
Pro & Contra auf den Grund gegangen GU Reader Körper, Geist & Seele: Amazon.de: Kuhrt, Nicola, Oude-Aost, Jan, Betsch, Cornelia: Bücher
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DFG-Experten zu Corona-Impfung: Mehr wissen, informiert entscheiden
F.A.Z. PLUS: FAZ.NET komplett Behalten Sie das Geschehen umfassend im Blick.
Die Forschung zur Corona-Impfung zeigt, welche Aussagen schon sicher getroffen werden können.
Reserviert? Viele, die die Corona-Impfung derzeit noch kritisch sehen, sind unsicher – nicht impfskeptisch. Bild: Lucas Bäuml Der Vorwurf, die Pandemie-Politik agiere ohne ausreichende wissenschaftliche Evidenz, lässt sich leicht widerlegen. Die unabhängige Forschung zur Corona-Impfung zeigt beispielhaft, welche Aussagen schon sicher getroffen werden können. Das ist alles andere als zu wenig. Ein Gastbeitrag.
On the benefits of explaining herd immunity in vaccine advocacy
Abstract Most vaccines protect both the vaccinated individual and the community at large by building up herd immunity. Even though reaching disease-specific herd immunity thresholds is crucial for eliminating or eradicating certain diseases1,2, explanation of this concept remains rare in vaccine advocacy3. An awareness of this social benefit makes vaccination not only an individual but also a social decision.
Weight-of-Evidence Strategies to Mitigate the Influence of Messages of Science Denialism in Public Discussions
Accepted on 08 Sep 2020 Submitted on 10 Dec 2019 Objectivity is a maxim in journalism that aims to reduce bias in media reports by eliminating journalists’ subjective interpretations (Boudana, 2016; Schudson, 2001). A frequently applied strategy to achieve objectivity is to balance media reports by contrasting two opposing positions on the same issue, leaving it to the audience to weigh the positions and draw conclusions about the subject matter.
Using Behavioral Insights to Increase Vaccination Policy Effectiveness
Abraham, C., Sheeran, P. (2005). The health belief model. In Conner, M., Norman, P. (Eds.), Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models (pp. 28-80). New York, NY: Open University Press. Google Scholar Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI Ajzen, I. (2012). The theory of planned behavior. In Lange, P. A. M., Kruglanski, A.
Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract Mandatory and voluntary mask policies may have yet unknown social and behavioral consequences related to the effectiveness of the measure, stigmatization, and perceived fairness. Serial cross-sectional data (April 14 to May 26, 2020) from nearly 7,000 German participants demonstrate that implementing a mandatory policy increased actual compliance despite moderate acceptance; mask wearing correlated positively with other protective behaviors.
Vaccination as a social contract
Significance Vaccines support controlling and eliminating infectious diseases. As most vaccines protect both vaccinated individuals and the society, vaccination is a prosocial act. Its success relies on a large number of contributing individuals. We study whether vaccination is a social contract where individuals reciprocate and reward others who comply with the contract and punish those who don’t.
Ten considerations for effectively managing the COVID-19 transition
Abstract Governments around the world have implemented measures to manage the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While the majority of these measures are proving effective, they have a high social and economic cost, and response strategies are being adjusted. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that communities should have a voice, be informed and engaged, and participate in this transition phase.
Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19
1 WHO Europe Vaccination and trust - How concerns arise and the role of communication in mitigating crises. World Health Organization, Geneva2017 Conversely, when the public perceives measures as having these characteristics, as well as being easily understood and communicated through trusted and accessible channels, and when the necessary services are available, people are able to make informed choices, protect themselves, and comply with recommended practices.
Eurosurveillance | The four weeks before lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: a weekly serial cross-sectional survey on risk perceptions, knowledge, public trust and behaviour, 3 to 25 March 2020
Home Eurosurveillance Volume 26, Issue 42, 21/Oct/2021 Article Research Open Access http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.42.2001900 Like 0 Access full text Article Cornelia Betsch1 , Lars Korn1,2 , Tanja Burgard3 , Wolfgang Gaissmaier4 , Lisa Felgendreff1 , Sarah Eitze1 , Philipp Sprengholz1 , Robert Böhm5,6 , Volker Stollorz7 , Michael Ramharter8 , Nikolai Promies9 , Freia De Bock10 , Philipp Schmid1 , Britta Renner4 , Lothar H Wieler11 , Michael...
Mandate vaccination with care
Children with measles in an overcrowded hospital ward in the Philippines, where an outbreak occurred in Manila and central Luzon in February 2019.Credit: Francis R Malasig/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock Thousands of people worldwide have been affected by recent measles outbreaks, even though there is a safe and effective vaccine.
Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions - Nature Human Behaviour
Authors and Affiliations Center of Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Philipp Schmid & Cornelia Betsch Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany Philipp Schmid & Cornelia Betsch Contributions Both authors substantially contributed to this article. P.S. and C.B. developed and designed the study, conducted the analyses and wrote the Article and Supplementary Information. P.S. visualized and curated the data.
Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Cornelia Betsch , Philipp Schmid, Dorothee Heinemeier, Lars Korn, Cindy Holtmann, Robert Böhm Cornelia Betsch, Philipp Schmid, Dorothee Heinemeier, Lars Korn, Cindy Holtmann, Robert Böhm Published: December 7, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208601 Figures Abstract Background Monitoring the reasons why a considerable number of people do not receive recommended vaccinations allows identification of important trends over...
[1801.02903] Polarization of the Vaccination Debate on Facebook
Abstract: Vaccine hesitancy has been recognized as a major global health threat. Having access to any type of information in social media has been suggested as a potential powerful influence factor to hesitancy. Recent studies in other fields than vaccination show that access to a wide amount of content through the Internet without intermediaries resolved into major segregation of the users in polarized groups.
Behavioural consequences of vaccination recommendations: An experimental analysis
Annual vaccination is the most effective way to prevent seasonal influenza. However, globally, the recommendations vary from country to country, ranging from universal recommendations, risk-group-specific recommendations, to no recommendation at all. Due to high diversity both in recommendation practice and country-specific preconditions, it is difficult to determine the effect of different recommendations on vaccine uptake.
Drawbacks of communicating refugee vaccination rates
In their Personal View, Mishal Kahn and colleagues1x1Khan, MS, Osei-Kofi, A, Omar, A et al. Pathogens, prejudice, and politics: the role of the global health community in the European refugee crisis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: e173–e177Summary | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all References1 point out that the influx of migrants is often perceived as a health threat by host countries, leading to discrimination against refugees.
Using Behavioral Insights to Increase Vaccination Policy Effectiveness
Even though there are policies in place, and safe and effective vaccines available, almost every country struggles with vaccine hesitancy, that is, a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination. Consequently, it is important to understand the determinants of individual vaccination decisions to establish effective strategies to support the success of country-specific public health policies.
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