Hengyan Wang

1 Introduction Ice processes in open channels are typical examples of multiphysics phenomena, arising from the intricate coupling of hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and phase-change dynamics. These interacting physical processes govern the formation, growth, and decay of ice covers in rivers, reservoirs, and water conveyance channels, particularly across mid- to high-latitude and high-altitude regions. More than half of the world's major rivers experience seasonal ice cover (X. Yang et al., 2020).

We propose and demonstrate a combined static- and oscillating-field alkali atom magnetometer and use it as a magnetic induction tomography sensor. The magnetometer realizes simultaneous measurements of the static and oscillating magnetic fields using two different Zeeman transitions of a single sensor. This approach dramatically enhances the long-term stability and sensitivity of detection of low-conductivity objects.