Cities offer a focus for conservation since urban habitats can harbour a tremendous number of rare, endangered and specialised plant and animal species (Baldock et al., 2019, Ives et al., 2016, Planchuelo, von der Lippe, & Kowarik, 2019). At the same time, cities are places where people live, work, and spend their leisure time, with dog walking as a popular and frequent leisure activity in urban settings (Iojă et al., 2011, Weston et al., 2014, Wood et al., 2017).