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Articles by Qiang Wu
Computer Science > Sound
In standard acoustic anomaly detection (ASD), models are usually trained separately for each machine or domain using explicit metadata. However, in realistic deployments, machine identifiers are incomplete, unreliable, or simply unavailable. Thus, metadata-free machinery ASD asks a single model to monitor mixed machine populations without machine IDs.
Spatial proteomics identifies stromal FAP-α as a predictive biomarker for therapeutic efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract Lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitor combination therapy has emerged as a frontline treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but substantial interpatient variability in therapeutic responses underscores the urgent need for reliable predictive biomarkers.
A Reflection-Spectroscopy Measured Skin Carotenoid Score Strongly Correlates With Plasma Concentrations of All Major Dietary Carotenoid Species Except for Lycopene
Publication Date 1-1-2025 Journal Nutrition Research DOI 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.11.010 PubMedCentral® Posted Date 1-1-2026 PubMedCentral® Full Text Version Author MSS Abstract Skin carotenoids can be measured non-invasively using spectroscopy methods to provide a biomarker of total dietary carotenoid and carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetable intake. However, the degree to which skin carotenoid biomarkers reflect intakes of specific carotenoids must be determined for specific devices.
Two Spectroscopy Devices Can Approximate Fruit and Vegetable Intake in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Sample
Publication Date 7-1-2025 Journal Current Developments in Nutrition DOI 10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107482 PubMedCentral® Posted Date 6-4-2025 PubMedCentral® Full Text Version Post-print Abstract Background: Assessing fruit and vegetable intake is important to determine the effectiveness of nutrition intervention studies. Few objective measures of fruit and vegetable intake have been directly compared within the same study participants.
Skin Carotenoid Scores Are a Valid Approximation of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Adults With Obesity
Publication Date 9-1-2026 Journal Nutrition Research DOI 10.1016/j.nutres.2026.06.010 PubMedCentral® Posted Date 8-18-2026 PubMedCentral® Full Text Version Author MSS Abstract Skin carotenoid score (SCS) as measured using pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy has been validated among adults with normal and overweight body mass index, with little validation research among adults with obesity.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare professionals toward exercise interventions for limbs with arteriovenous fistulas: a cross-sectional study
Abstract This study assessed healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding functional exercise for arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). From July to September 2025, 502 professionals at our hospital completed a KAP questionnaire, of which 417 (83.07%) met the predefined quality-control criteria. Among the 417 participants, the majority were female (60.43%), and the mean age was 36.15 ± 6.73 years.
Amide synthesis via molecular shuffling of carboxylic acids
Abstract The amide bond is fundamental in chemistry and biology and its classical construction from carboxylic acids and amines is limited by positional connectivity of the carboxylic acid group. Herein, we report an approach to amide synthesis that relies on molecular shuffling of carboxylic acid group.
Evaluating the impact of the Ripe for Revival mobile market with vouchers on food and nutrition security, fruit and vegetable intake, and blood pressure in rural eastern North Carolina: a quasi-experimental trial design study protocol
Secondary outcomes Blood pressure will be measured using a non-invasive, automated Omron HEM-1040 Blood Pressure Monitor.20 Measures will be collected with the participant seated, with a first measure after seated for 5 min and two repeat measures at 1-min intervals. Body Mass Index/weight and height will be measured by an electronic scale with a stadiometer, with the participant’s back facing the stadiometer.
Embryonic loss of hexokinase 2 promotes cortical progenitor proliferation and causes autism-like behaviors in mice
Abstract Neurodevelopmental disorders are increasingly associated with metabolic abnormalities, but how metabolic pathways regulate cortical development remains unclear. In particular, whether glycolytic enzymes control neural progenitor behavior during embryonic corticogenesis is still poorly understood.
Weight Loss Intervention Promoting an Adapted Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern : The DELISH Randomized Clinical Trial
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Weight Loss Intervention Promoting an Adapted Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern: The DELISH Randomized Clinical Trial Supplement 1. Trial Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan Supplement 2. eAppendix 1. Overview of Enrollment eAppendix 2. Complete Listing of Inclusion Criteria eAppendix 3. Complete Listing of Exclusion Criteria eAppendix 4. Detailed Instructions Provided to Primary Care Clinicians (PCPs) on How to Make a Referral to the Study eAppendix 5.
By Thomas C Keyserling, Qiang Wu, Alice S. Ammerman, Seth A. Berkowitz, John B. Buse, David J. Couper, Kelly R. Evenson, Daniela Sotres-Alvarez, Veeral Saraiya, Harlyn G. Skinner, Caroline Nelson, Lauren Kruse, Teresa T Fung, Stephanie Pitts Verified, Eric Finkelstein, Carmen D Samuel-Hodge, Steven D. Hursting, Kiira Lyons, Candice L. Alick, Alison N. Mathers
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JAMA Network
Verified
On-chip terahertz metasensor for quantitative multi-component biomolecular identification
Abstract Terahertz (THz) metasensors are promising platforms for quantitative biomolecular fingerprint identification in physical, chemical, and biomedical applications. However, conventional free-space THz configurations are limited by their large size and susceptibility to external disturbances, hindering the development of compact and portable devices.
LMOD-YOLO: A lightweight YOLO model for marine organism visual detection
Abstract Real-time detection of marine organisms plays a critical role in underwater ecological monitoring, endangered species protection, and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operations. However, the degraded underwater images with low contrast and detail blur and limited embedded computing resources make it challenging for existing methods to balance accuracy and real-time performance.
Bubble-triggered built-in liquid metal-based galvanic cell for gas pipeline microleak detection
Abstract Due to the significant economic losses and safety issues caused by gas pipeline leaks, timely detection of minor leaks in pipelines is crucial important. Herein, we present an intelligent liquid metal bubble generator (LMBG) chamber capable of converting mechanical leakage signals into real-time electrical feedback through the electrochemical conversion mechanism at the liquid metal interface.
Longitudinal relationships of malnutrition risk, sleep disturbance, and fear of cancer recurrence in thyroid cancer patients: a cross-lagged panel model
Abstract Background: Although papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is generally associated with favorable survival, postoperative recovery often involves persistent nutritional, psychological, and behavioral challenges. Malnutrition risk, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), and sleep disturbance are all clinically relevant in thyroid cancer survivorship, yet their temporal interrelationships remain unclear.
Jingling Granules alleviate atherosclerosis through activating autophagy and inhibiting human umbilical vein endothelial cells apoptosis
Abstract Atherosclerosis (AS) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity worldwide. Strategies that promote autophagy and limit apoptosis hold therapeutic promise. Jingling Granules (JLG), a clinically used formulation, have shown vascular protective effects, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether JLG attenuates atherosclerosis by modulating autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR signaling.
Amorphous Carbon With Quasi-Continuous sp 2 Domain Loaded by Single Fe Atoms for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm77222-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx11.3 MB Supporting File: adfm77222-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx.
Stromal BMP signalling maintains stem cell genome integrity and prevents gastric cancer initiation
Abstract Gastric cancer primarily originates from gastric stem/progenitor cells and is driven by somatic mutations. Although Helicobacter pylori is the main risk factor, how it drives malignancy is still not well understood. Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data reveals that human gastric cancer correlates with suppressed BMP signalling, a crucial niche signal for gastric stem cells, in stromal cells rather than epithelial cells.
Risk assessment of karst groundwater contamination from closed goafs: mechanisms, indicators, and model application
?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. Abstract After mine closure, large-scale polluted groundwater bodies develop in the goafs, posing severe threats to regional karst aquifers.
Electronic structure–driven sodiophilicity enables stable anode-free sodium batteries
Abstract INTRODUCTION RESULTS DISCUSSION MATERIALS AND METHODS Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials REFERENCES Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AFSBs) offer high energy density and low cost by removing excess anodes, but their practical use is limited by low Coulombic efficiency and rapid capacity decay from irreversible sodium loss during repeated plating and stripping.
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure and Peripheral Artery Disease: Mendelian Randomization and Integrative Multi-Omics Systems Toxicology With Machine Learning
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article. Supporting Information Filename Description cbdd70352-sup-0001-Supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 6 MB Table S1: Summary of GWAS datasets for PFAS exposures and cardiovascular outcomes. Table S2: Summary of GEO datasets. Table S3: Sensitivity analyses of Mendelian randomization results.
From UGC to Brand Product Improvement: Mining Consumer Innovation Insights Across Social Media Platforms
In the era of e-commerce, consumers’ innovative insights are crucial for brands to improve their products and meet consumers’ potential needs. Although user-generated content (UGC) platforms have accumulated a vast amount of consumer voices, brands often face the dilemma of “rich data but scarce insights”: valuable consumer innovation insights are not only scarce but also expressed implicitly. Traditional methods have difficulty reliably identifying such insights in this task.
Assessing the Feasibility of Wearable Devices for Physiological Monitoring and Heat Risk Prediction in Outdoor Agricultural Workers
1 Introduction The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [1] and the World Health Organization (WHO) [2] both emphasize that rising global temperatures have intensified heat exposure, creating a growing threat to public health, occupational safety, and productivity. The WHO has recommended programs that integrate engineering and administrative controls, hydration and rest management, medical surveillance, and alignment with global sustainability objectives.
Blueberry anthocyanin extract inhibits platelet activation and FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy in type 2 diabetes mellitus via AMPK pathway
Abstract HPLC analysis was employed to identify the chemical compositions in BAE. Delphinidin, cyanidin, peonidin, and malvidin were detected in BAE. After establishment of the T2DM mice model, BAE and metformin were treated. Body weight, fasting blood glucose level and glucose tolerance were monitored, followed by detection of β-TG, PF4, CD62p, mitophagy markers. Both BAE and metformin implement reduced the body weight and fasting blood glucose level, and improved glucose tolerance of T2DM mice.
3D-bioprinting for joint regeneration
Abstract Joint injuries represent a significant clinical challenge with limited regenerative options. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology, enabling the precise fabrication of patient-specific, anatomically matched, multilayered scaffolds that replicate the complex structure and gradient of natural joint tissues.
Author Correction: Phenome-wide analysis of copy number variants in 470,727 UK Biobank genomes
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Correction to: Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10087-x Published online 4 February 2026 In the version of the article initially published, Dimitrios Vitsios (Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) was missing from the list of AstraZeneca Genomics Initiative members and has now been added to the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
By Xueqing Zou, Fengyuan Hu, Haiyi Lou, Oliver S. Burren, Xiaoyin Li, Karyn Megy, Eleanor Wheeler, Qiang Wu, Santosh S. Atanur, Marcin Karpinski, Douglas P. Loesch, Zammy Fairhurst-Hunter, Sri V. V. Deevi, Erin Oerton, Sean Wen, Xiao Lei Jiang, Cecilia Salvoro, Jonathan Mitchell, Abhishek Nag, Ben Hollis, Amanda O’Neill, Jen Harrow, Stewart MacArthur, Sebastian Wasilewski, Sean O’Dell, Lifeng Tian, Katherine Smith, Guillermo del Angel, Margarete A. Fabre, Ryan S. Dhindsa, Quanli Wang, Slavé Petrovski
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Nature
Verified
O-GlcNAcylation of UGDH: emerging insights into immunometabolic regulation and therapeutic implications
References Lin B, Zhou J, Geng D, Chai S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, et al. O-GlcNAcylation of UGDH regulates its activity and remodels the extracellular matrix to facilitate tumor growth. Cell Death Differ. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-025-01591-8. Google Scholar Zhu Q, Wang H, Chai S, Xu L, Lin B, Yi W, et al. O-GlcNAcylation promotes tumor immune evasion by inhibiting PD-L1 lysosomal degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2023;120:e2216796120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216796120.
Post-synthetically modified crown ether-based supramolecular framework for efficient radium sequestration
Abstract The proliferation of uranium tailings elevates environmental risks through 226Ra (t1/2 = 1600 years), a persistent uranium decay product exhibiting radiation/chemotoxicity threats and subsurface migration. Current 226Ra2+ sorbents, designed for low-activity (<100 Bq L–1) scenarios, fail in acute contamination (> 104 Bq L–1).
On-chip spectral manipulation of broadband terahertz polaritons through collinear wavevector beating
Phonon polaritons—hybrid quasiparticles arising from strong coupling between lattice vibrations and electromagnetic waves—exhibit exceptional capabilities for enhancing terahertz (THz) confinement and nonlinear light–matter interactions. On-chip spectral control of THz phonon polaritons remains challenging due to the limited THz power density available for nonlinear approaches.
Time and person sensitive foundation model for disease prediction and risk stratification
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Abstract Foundation models (FMs) enable generalizable medical AI, but existing retinal FMs perform best on cross-sectional classification and detection and are less effective for predicting disease incidence and progression. We present RETFound Plus, a CFP-based FM trained with temporal modeling on 1,304,292 fundus photographs from 304,345 participants across multiple visits to learn progression-aware representations.
By Zheyuan Wang, Yukun Zhou, Yilan Wu, Ke Zou, Zhouyu Guan, Yibing Chen, Gabriel Dawei Yang, Ping Zhang, Changchang Yin, An Ran, Danqi Fang, Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard, Jakob Grauslund, Haoxuan Li, Jia Shu, Tingyao Li, Nan Jiang, Huating Li, Xiangning Wang, Qiang Wu, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Siegfried Wagner, Carol Cheung, Ching-Yu Cheng, Pearse A. Keane, Yih-Chung Tham, Samantha Yew, Xujia Liu, Yixiao Jin, Tingli Chen
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Nature
Verified
Chinese Policy Responses to COVID-19, Trust in Government, and Cultural Worldviews
1 Introduction Do top-down regulatory and economic support policies, commonly implemented during a crisis, increase or decrease trust in government? Do cultural worldviews moderate the influence of policy feedback on this political trust? Understanding how policies influence public trust in governments is crucial for policy and regime legitimacy in both democracies and authoritarian regimes, like China.
Integrating Sulfate with Crown Ether To Construct Supramolecular Radium Traps in an Anionic Zirconium Metal–Organic Framework Click to copy article link Article link copied!
Cite Jump to ExpandCollapse CommunicationMarch 11, 2026 Integrating Sulfate with Crown Ether To Construct Supramolecular Radium Traps in an Anionic Zirconium Metal–Organic Framework Click to copy article linkArticle link copied! Wenchang Wang Wenchang Wang College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Jiahao Lou Jiahao Lou College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Qiang Wu Qiang Wu School of...
Elucidating the Therapeutic Potential of Potentilla nivea L. for Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement Data available upon request from the authors. References 1, , and , “New Pathogenic Insights Into Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Current Opinion in Rheumatology 27 (2015): 249–255, https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0000000000000174.
Ion Gel Modulated Channel Interface Engineering: Multidimensional Recognition of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Single CNTFET
Abstract Click to copy section linkSection link copied! Field-effect transistor (FET)-type sensors have attracted extensive attention for detecting trace hazardous gases by leveraging their multi-parameter capabilities. However, their selectivity is often constrained when identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) across different chemical classes due to a reliance on the singular sensing modality of surface charge transfer.
Phenome-wide analysis of copy number variants in 470,727 UK Biobank genomes - Nature
Abstract Copy number variants (CNVs) are key drivers of human diversity and disease risk1. Here we evaluate the role of CNVs across a broad range of human phenotypes and diseases by analysing CNVs from 470,727 UK Biobank whole-genome sequences and conducting a variant- and gene-level phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) with 2,941 plasma protein abundance measurements, 13,336 binary clinical phenotypes and 1,911 quantitative traits.
Beyond COVID-19: Changes in Mental Health, Hopelessness, and Subjective Social Status Among College Students in Rural Settings
Advanced search American Journal of Health Education Latest Articles Submit an article Journal homepage Full Article Figures & data References Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Read this article /doi/full/10.1080/19325037.2025.2603196?needAccess=true ABSTRACT Background Subjective social status (SSS) and hopelessness are linked to anxiety and depression, yet research among undergraduates – particularly considering the COVID-19 pandemic – is limited.
Soft-matter-based topological vertical cavity surface emitting lasers - Light: Science & Applications
Abstract Polarized topological vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are promising candidates for stable and efficient on-chip light sources, with significant potential for advancing optical storage and communication technologies. However, most semiconductor-based topological lasers rely on intricate fabrication techniques and face limitations in providing the flexibility needed for diverse device applications.
Tailored Crown Ether‐Based Cationic Polymer Networks for Selective Sequestration of 99TcO4−/ReO4− from Alkaline Radioactive Wastewater
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information Filename Description adfm73782-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx32.4 MB Supporting file: adfm73782-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx.
Enhancing peer teaching and psychological outcomes in medical education through structured formative assessment: a quasi-experimental study
1 Introduction Peer- assisted learning (PAL) has become an integral component of contemporary medical education, offering senior students opportunities to develop instructional competencies, leadership, and communication skills while supporting the academic development of junior learners (Brierley et al., 2022). Evidence across medical institutions demonstrates that PAL can enhance academic achievement, conceptual understanding, and learner engagement (Friel et al., 2018; Slabbert, 2024).
Reconsidering clinical translation of margin clearance and ablation in Barrett's‐related endoscopic mucosal resection
No abstract is available for this article. Data availability statement Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. References 1, , et al. Margin clearance and post-procedure ablation decrease recurrence risk in endoscopic mucosal resections for Barrett's-related neoplasia. Histopathology 2025; 87; 856–868. 2, , et al.
Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy vs. chemotherapy: comparison of safety and efficacy in adjuvant therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Abstract Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of different regimes among patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Methods: The data of 232 patients (2011-2023) at the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute&Hospital were analyzed.
USP16 S-nitrosylation aggravates coronary microembolization-induced myocardial injury via repressing KDM1A-mediated glutathione homeostasis - Nature Communications
Abstract Coronary microembolization (CME) is a serious cardiovascular complication that causes severe cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Glutathione (GSH) exhaustion-induced oxidative stress is a key contributor to CME. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying GSH imbalance during CME. We show that CME induces myocardial injury by disturbing GSH homeostasis, which is ameliorated by glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) or glutaminase (GLS) overexpression.
Lattice-hydrogen cycling mechanism enables pH-universal hydrogen evolution at ampere-level current densities - Nature Communications
Abstract Controllable supply of hydrogen intermediate across a wide pH range is crucial for electroreduction reactions, but is hindered by pH-dependent hydrogen species formation on conventional catalysts. We report a lattice-hydrogen cycling mechanism that dissociates hydrogen intermediate availability from electrolyte pH. By integrating proton-blocking Ru with thermally-hydrogenated HxWO3, we create a dynamic hydrogen reservoir, enabling efficient hydrogen supply.
Novel Resistance Mechanisms to Second‐Generation EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Afatinib and Associations With Genomic Features in NSCLC
ADC adenocarcinoma ADSC adeno-squamous carcinoma AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer Amp amplification cfDNA cell-free DNA CI confidence interval CIS chromosomal instability CNV copy-number variations COSMIC Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer Del deletion EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition HR hazard ratio Ins insertion KDD kinase domain duplication KM Kaplan–Meier MATH mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity mPFS median progression-free survival NGS...
Non-Hermitian systems based on 3D chirality enabled asymmetrical polarization switching and omni-polarizer action at an EP - Light: Science & Applications
Abstract Asymmetric mode/state switching and omni-polarizer action have demonstrated application potential and can be realized in non-Hermitian systems, which required a slow encircling process in the non-Hermitian parameter space in general. Is it possible to achieve the above functions only at an exceptional point (EP) without the encircling process?
Flexible Organic Solar Cells: From Material Design and Morphology Optimization to Practical Applications
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1, , , , , , , , , Science 2023, 382, 1291. 2, , , , , , , The Innovation Materials 2025, 3, 100143. 3, , , , J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 18887. 4, , , , Nano Res. 2021, 14, 2891. 5, , , , , , , , , , , , npj Flexible Electron. 2022, 6, 77. 6, , , , , , , , , , , , , Nature 2018, 516. 7, , , , , , , , Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 2234. 8, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Joule 2024, 8, 2208. 9, , , , , , Nat. Rev. Mater. 2025, 10, 404.
Phase‐Transition Intervention Engineered Amorphous Vanadium Oxide for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description anie70033-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx9 MB Supporting Information References 1, , , , , Nat. Energy 2023, 8, 329–339, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01221-y. 2, , , , , , , , , , Nat. Rev. Mater. 2023, 8, 623–634, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00574-w. 3, , , , Joule 2023, 7, 1415–1436, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.06.007. 4, , , , , , Chem. Soc. Rev.
[2510.09888] Understanding Robust Machine Learning for Nonparametric Regression with Heavy-Tailed Noise
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Patterning Fidelity Enhancement and Aberration Mitigation in EUV Lithography Through Source-Mask Optimization
Submitted: 08 September 2025 Posted: 11 September 2025 You are already at the latest version Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography faces critical challenges in aberration control and patterning fidelity as technology nodes shrink below 3 nm. This work demonstrates how Source-Mask Optimization (SMO) simultaneously addresses both illumination and mask design to enhance pattern transfer accuracy and mitigate aberrations.
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