Sumantra Bose
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Articles by Sumantra Bose
Jason Arday: A Very British Tragedy
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a broke and broken country. England, which accounts for the bulk of the territory and five of every six inhabitants, is at the core of the crisis consuming the United Kingdom.
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The Wire is run by a non-profit foundation and we need your support to keep our newsroom running.
The changing data protection landscape of the Indian capital markets
On November 13, 2025, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEIT) notified the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 (DPDP Rules 2025), as well as notified dates for implementation of the principal legislation, that is, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, (DPDPA 2023), which marks a major milestone for data protection and privacy in capital markets.
Aadhaar Authentication For Private Entities: Navigating The 2025 Amendment
On 31 January 2025, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has notified the Aadhaar Authentication for Good Governance (Social Welfare, Innovation, Knowledge) Amendment Rules, 2025 (2025 Amendment).
Data Privacy Law Considerations In NCLAT's Stay Order Of The CCI WhatsApp Decision
On 23 January 2025, the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) stayed the Competition Commission of India's (CCI) decision restricting WhatsApp from sharing user data with Meta companies for advertising purposes over the next five years. Refer to our Ergo. NCLAT also directed WhatsApp to deposit 50% of the INR 213.14 crore fine imposed by the CCI within two weeks. The appeals filed by Whatsapp and Meta before NCLAT are pending and will be listed before NCLAT again in March 2025.
Sumantra Bose
Sumantra Bose Sumantra Bose, a comparative political scientist, has researched and written on the Kashmir conflict for three decades. His book Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict (Yale University Press and Picador India, 2021), has been released in an updated Picador India paperback edition in August 2024.
In Jammu and Kashmir, a high-stakes election for a low-power assembly
The institutional framework of competitive politics was liquidated overnight, and grassroots political activity was throttled by fear and persecution. A draconian policy of iron-fisted repression essentially criminalised all shades of political opinion, including pro-Indian variants, barring one – the Hindu nationalist view. The strategy overseen by Modi’s home minister Amit Shah aimed to erase competitive politics in Jammu and Kashmir.
Strengthening Cybersecurity And Resilience: An Overview Of SEBI's New CSCRF Framework
Introduction The Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience Framework (CSCRF) is a comprehensive and standardized framework developed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to provide standards and guidelines for strengthening cyber resilience and maintaining robust cybersecurity of SEBI regulated entities (REs). The CSCRF was released by SEBI on 20 August 2024.
Strengthening Cybersecurity and Resilience: An Overview of SEBI's New CSCRF Framework
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The crisis of India’s parliamentary democracy
A remarkable fact about Indian politics since independence is that no party, or pre-poll coalition, has ever won a majority of the nationwide vote in the 17 national elections between 1951-52 and 2019. Even the Indian National Congress fell short of the 50 per cent threshold in the country’s first post-Independence poll, despite its powerful legitimacy from the freedom struggle and organisational advantage over all rivals.
The crisis of India's parliamentary democracy
PM Narendra Modi Parliament’s hollowing out can only be checked, and reversed, by a successful electoral challenge to the Modi personality cult. A remarkable fact about Indian politics since independence is that no party, or pre-poll coalition, has ever won a majority of the nationwide vote in the 17 national elections between 1951-52 and 2019. Don't miss out on in-depth & unbiased stories from Northeast India. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter for free. Opt out or contact us anytime.
The Crisis of India’s Parliamentary Democracy
Welcome to NewsBreak, an open platform where diverse perspectives converge. Most of our content comes from established publications and journalists, as well as from our extensive network of tens of thousands of creators who contribute to our platform. We empower individuals to share insightful viewpoints through short posts and comments.
The Crisis of India’s Parliamentary Democracy
A remarkable fact about Indian politics since independence is that no party, or pre-poll coalition, has ever won a majority of the nationwide vote in the 17 national elections between 1951-52 and 2019. Even the Indian National Congress fell short of the 50 percent threshold in the country’s first post-independence poll, despite its powerful legitimacy from the freedom struggle and organizational advantage over all rivals.
Bombay High Court's Split Verdict On The 2023 Amendment To The IT Rules
The Bombay High Court ("BHC") has recently rendered a split verdict in a batch of writ petitions challenging the constitutional validity of Rule 3(i) (II)(A) and (C) of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules 2023 ("2023 Amendment") which amended Rule 3(1)(b)(v) of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 ("IT Rules").
How Manipur’s Kukis, Meiteis and Nagas Were United to the INA’s Cause to Free India
It was March 18, 1944. The First Division of the Indian National Army entered Manipur from Burma, mainly through the Tamu-Moreh border. For the next four months, until mid-July, virtually the entire southern half of Manipur, an area of 10,000-12,000 square kilometres, was under the authority of the Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e Azad Hind) proclaimed by Subhas Chandra Bose in Singapore on October 21, 1943.
ERGO Analysing Development Impacting Business: RBI Releases Master Direction to Regulate Outsourcing of IT Services
Background The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued a master direction on outsourcing of information technology services by REs (as described below) on 10 April 2023 (Direction). The RBI had published a draft master direction for public feedback on 23 June 2022, pursuant to which the Direction has been released.
ERGO Analysing Development Impacting Business: The Digital India Act: Overhauling India’s Technology Laws
Facts and Background In the year 2022, the Indian Government proposed the enactment of a comprehensive Digital India Act (DIA) to provide global and contemporaneous legal standards for catering to India’s evolving digital ecosystem. The DIA is aimed at completely overhauling the country’s existing Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act), and make way for a comprehensive and dynamic legislation to regulate digital technologies.
An Overview of Data Privacy Laws in India: Key Features to Keep in Mind When Establishing a Business
volodyar / Shutterstock.com Key Highlights With foreign players increasingly entering the Indian market, in-house counsel should understand the key features of India’s existing data protection framework and upcoming changes. There is increasing momentum to bolster India’s data privacy and data protection laws. In a significant departure from India’s current nascent data protection laws, the Indian government is expected to release dedicated data protection legislation soon.
Decoding The New Cert-In Directions: Government Releases The Much-Awaited FAQs
The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) had issued directions on 28 April 2022 (Directions) on information security practices, procedure, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents for safe and trusted internet. On 18 May 2022, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY) issued clarifications in the form of frequently asked questions (FAQs) in respect of the much talked about Directions.
ERGO Analysing developments impacting business: Indian computer emergency response team direction: paradigm shift in cyber incident reporting
Introduction The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has issued a direction on 28 April 2022 (Direction) under Section 70-B(6) of the Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act) relating to information security practices, procedure, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents for safe and trusted internet. This is an ongoing effort on the part of CERT-In to further strengthen cyber incident reporting, internet security and allied topics.
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team Direction: Paradigm Shift In Cyber Incident Reporting
Introduction The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has issued a direction on 28 April 2022 (Direction) under Section 70-B(6) of the Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act) relating to information security practices, procedure, prevention, response and reporting of cyber incidents for safe and trusted internet. This is an ongoing effort on the part of CERT-In to further strengthen cyber incident reporting, internet security and allied topics.
India’s desolation row
Bose chronicles the evolving ground reality in Kashmir after the abrogation of Article 370 and the result is by far the most objective account of today’s Kashmir Kashmir File picture | Published 22.04.22, 12:34 AM Book: Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict Author: By Sumantra Bose, Publisher: Pan Macmillan, Price: Rs 699 In 1994, Sumantra Bose visited Kashmir for the first time as an adult to learn about the conflict in the region as part of his studies at Columbia...
A new book traces the trajectories of the Kashmir conflict in the local and the global contexts
A week after the bizarre DDC exercise drew to a close, Mushtaq Ahmad Wani, an apple-trader in his forties, furiously shovelled the earth in the graveyard of his village – Bellow, in the Valley’s Pulwama district, just south of Srinagar – on a bitterly cold day in January 2021 as his wife Rafiqa, teenaged daughter Zarqa and a clutch of fellow villagers looked on.
Sufi mystics from 1370s changed Kashmir's identity. But orthodoxy of 1970s is the challenge
A sculpture of sufi mystics. Representative image. The mass conversion of the Kashmir Valley to Islam occurred in the fourteenth century. This was catalysed by Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a Persian Sufi mystic from Hamedan in western Iran, who visited Kashmir thrice in the 1370s and 1380s accompanied by hundreds of disciples, many of whom settled in Kashmir. Hamadani is known as ‘Shah Hamdan’ in Kashmir.
Supreme Court Orders An Independent Investigation Into The Pegasus Spyware Attack
To print this article, all you need is to be registered or login on Mondaq.com. Introduction On 27 October 2021, the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court) ordered the constitution of a technical committee headed by a retired judge of the Supreme Court to probe into the alleged use of a spyware called Pegasus for surveillance of several citizens of India.
ERGO Analysing Developments Impacting Business: Supreme Court orders an Independent Investigation into the Pegasus Spyware Attack
INTRODUCTION On 27 October 2021, the Supreme Court of India (Supreme Court) ordered the constitution of a technical committee headed by a retired judge of the Supreme Court to probe into the alleged use of a spyware called Pegasus for surveillance of several citizens of India.
Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict
In the summer of 2020, soldiers from China and India engaged in unarmed combat in an icy Himalayan river. Some of the men used rocks to crush their opponents’ heads and, according to one version, the Chinese pushed Indian captives off a cliff. At least twenty Indian soldiers and four Chinese were killed. For a couple of reasons, this highly newsworthy clash between two nuclear powers received scant coverage in the international media.
The Death of Secularism
THE TURKISH REPUBLIC’s centenary is imminent—in 2023. The state that exists today bears little resemblance in some fundamental ways to what Mustafa Kemal Ataturk tried to purposefully build in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1928, Kemal’s single-party regime summarily deleted Article 2 of the republic’s 1924 constitution, which had stated: ‘The religion of the Turkish state is Islam’.
Kashmir’s Autonomy: The Valley of Flaws
THE BHARATIYA JAN Sangh’s first major agitation focused on Jammu & Kashmir. In May 1953, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, the Hindu Mahasabha politician from Bengal who had been recruited to become the new RSS-linked party’s first president in late 1951, entered the Jammu region to participate in an ongoing agitation in the region’s southern, Hindu-majority areas for J&K’s ‘full integration’ with the Indian Union.
Kashmir: An Uneasy Jewel in the Indian Crown
ARE KASHMIRIS—MEANING, in this essay, the Kashmiri-speaking Muslims who live largely in the Kashmir Valley—paragons of secularism or zealots driven by religious identity? Are they Sufis, or are they actually Wahhabis? In Indian perception and discourse, the first image dominated for four decades, until 1990, when the ‘paradise’ (jannat) turned into a cesspit of violence and the second image—the polar opposite of the first—came to the fore. What, then, really defines these people?
Data Privacy in Times of COVID-19 | Lexology
Introduction On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared the Covid-19 outbreak as a pandemic, thereby calling for more urgent and aggressive action to stifle its spreading. Employers are taking a wide range of actions to deal with this extraordinary situation.
Apni Party: With Centre's Helping Hand, 'Third Front' in Kashmir Slowly Takes Shape
Note: This story was first published on January 27, 2020 and is being republished on March 8, 2020 to mark the formal launch of Altaf Bukhari’s new political party Srinagar: The winter of 2020 has been quite troublesome in Kashmir. Frost clings to the trees, street lamps and parked vehicles in the morning. Taps run dry as water freezes into ice inside the pipes.
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed: A Life In Full
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, the ‘Lion of Kashmir’, died in September 1982. He was three months short of seventy-seven. He had been ailing, especially since a heart attack in 1977. Sheikh Abdullah’s funeral procession was gigantic. It may have been the single largest ever seen in the Subcontinent. The mass outpouring of grief was a measure of the stature he commanded among his people even in the twilight of his life.
Normalising Netaji
I have never written anything on or about Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, my grand-uncle. The reason is twofold. First, I have plenty of other interests and pursuits that keep me happily occupied. Second, I do not believe that being a ‘family member’ automatically entitles, or obligates, me to comment on him. In any case, born a quarter-century after Netaji’s martyrdom in 1945, I do not really regard him as a family member per se, but rather as a national leader and historical figure.
Nationalism: What Does 2016 Owe to 1916?
ONE HUNDRED YEARS ago this month, a motley band of revolutionaries launched a short-lived urban insurrection against the world’s mightiest imperial power. The setting was Dublin, the capital of Ireland. It began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, and ended six days later on Saturday, 29 April, with the surrender of the rebels. At the time, the week-long drama in Dublin seemed destined to go down in history as no more than a footnote.
Modi and the Other Idea of India
“ALL NATIONALISM,” THE British Marxist Tom Nairn wrote in 1975, “is both healthy and morbid. Both progress and regress are inscribed in its genetic code… That is a structural fact.” Narendra Modi is an Indian nationalist. He belongs to a school of Indian nationalism that existed on the fringes of the nation’s politics until 30 years ago.
From Savarkar to Modi: What explains Hindu nationalists’ admiration for Israel
India’s Hindu nationalists and the Israeli right have a remarkable mutual affinity.
Here’s why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel’s “ethnic democracy”
India’s Hindu nationalists and the Israeli right have a remarkable mutual affinity.
Why India's Hindu nationalists worship Israel's nation-state model
India’s Hindu nationalists and the Israeli right have a remarkable mutual affinity.
India's Hindu nationalists worship Israel's nation-state model – here's why
India’s Hindu nationalists and the Israeli right have a remarkable mutual affinity.
Why India’s proposed data protection law will multiply compliance requirements
Dynamic digital technologies are rapidly changing the way business is run today. Also, as economies are marching towards a more digitized ecosystem, the value of data has grown exponentially. Businesses acquire data from many sources, such as social media sites, online polls, cookies, etc., to assess online activities, find new ways to target customers, and monetize the data.
Data privacy and protection – why startups need to re-calibrate legal compliance
Startups are aggressively trying to access global markets by using innovative technologies. One of the primary uses of such technologies is to harness and analyse data of users. The data is used to efficiently target users by offering them relevant products and services. Along with an understanding of the importance of the use of technology and data for business advancements, startups today have also realised the importance of data protection and privacy.
Why Do Indians Vote?
This post originally appeared on the India At LSE blog As voting begins in national elections in the world’s largest democracy, LSE academics Mukulika Banerjee and Sumantra Bose debate why Indians vote, how this election will differ from previous ones, and what other democracies can learn from India. Mukulika Banerjee: The voter turnouts during the most recent elections in India at the state level were among the highest ever seen.
Why Locating the Indian Secular State in the Virtues of Hinduism Is Problematic
In 1966, the Supreme Court handed down a landmark judgment. Written by Chief Justice P.B. Gajendragadkar with the concurrence of four other judges, the judgment excoriated the Swaminarayan sect for waging a two-decade legal battle to protect its temples from entry by persons belonging to the erstwhile ‘untouchable’ castes. The judgment asserted that the sect’s behaviour was “founded on superstition, ignorance and complete misunderstanding of the true teachings of the Hindu religion”.
The Death of Secularism | OPEN Magazine
THE TURKISH REPUBLIC’s centenary is imminent—in 2023. The state that exists today bears little resemblance in some fundamental ways to what Mustafa Kemal Ataturk tried to purposefully build in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1928, Kemal’s single-party regime summarily deleted Article 2 of the republic’s 1924 constitution, which had stated: ‘The religion of the Turkish state is Islam’.
An Uneasy Jewel in the Indian Crown | OPEN Magazine
ARE KASHMIRIS—MEANING, in this essay, the Kashmiri-speaking Muslims who live largely in the Kashmir Valley—paragons of secularism or zealots driven by religious identity? Are they Sufis, or are they actually Wahhabis? In Indian perception and discourse, the first image dominated for four decades, until 1990, when the ‘paradise’ (jannat) turned into a cesspit of violence and the second image—the polar opposite of the first—came to the fore. What, then, really defines these people?
The Captives of Kashmir
BURHAN WANI IS being described, in Indian and international media alike, as a ‘Hizb-ul-Mujahideen commander’. The appellation of ‘commander’ rings with gravitas and carries connotations of seriousness and seniority. The armed group to which he apparently owed allegiance, and which is usually referred to in Jammu & Kashmir as ‘HM’ or ‘Hizb’, has an impressive-sounding name as well: ‘warriors of the faith’.
A historic opportunity in Jammu and Kashmir
The fractured verdict in Jammu and Kashmir reflects the heterogeneity of the state and its electorate. In 1922, Tyndale Biscoe, a missionary who helped bring primary education to the Kashmir Valley, wrote that “the country of Kashmir, including the province of Jammu, is large and contains many races. The various countries included under the name of Kashmir are separated by high mountain passes, and the people differ considerably in features, manners, customs, language, character and religion”.
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