Alvaro Duque

Abstract Liquid interfaces play central roles in biological and physicochemical processes. Sum-frequency-generation (SFG) spectroscopy is intrinsically interface-specific, but the insight gained from SFG spectra into molecular interfacial structure has been limited since spectral analysis is usually done within the electric-dipole approximation, neglecting higher-order multipole contributions.

Introduction Click to copy section linkSection link copied! The elucidation of the depth-dependent molecular water structure at charged aqueous interfaces is a central goal in fundamental interface research because of its overwhelming relevance in a broad variety of fields, ranging from biophysics to environmental chemistry and electrochemistry.

Data Availability Statement Data and code supporting the findings of this study are openly available on Zenodo (Medina-Vega et al. 2025)—https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17458532. Raw tree and soil data from plots within the ForestGEO network can be requested via the CTFS-ForestGEO data request portal: http://ctfs.si.edu/datarequest/. Peer Review The peer review history for this article is available at https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway/wos/peer-review/10.1111/ele.70280.