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ArticleOnline nowOpen access 1Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 3Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 4Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy 5Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan...

Abstract Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the leading delivery platform for mRNA vaccines with advantageous biocompatibility, scalability, adjuvant activity and often an acceptable safety profile.

Keywords Drosophila innate immunity horizontal gene transfer phage parasitoid cdtB Introduction Invertebrates and vertebrates deploy deeply homologous innate immune pathways against microbial pathogens that are well understood.1,2,3,4,5,6 However, less is known about the evolution of innate immune pathways against metazoan parasites7 (macroparasites) that can cause chronic infections8 and facilitate Red Queen-like coevolutionary dynamics.7,9,10,11 Indeed, the local diversity of parasitic...