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Articles by Marco Springmann
Food emissions taxes can deliver health and environmental benefits with limited leakage
Abstract Exploring various designs of greenhouse gas (GHG) taxation in food systems is crucial for understanding possible global implications. Here we investigate cross-product substitution and cross-country reallocations derived from food-consumption-based GHG taxes, together with their mitigation and health effects.
Food systems transformation would reshape global agriculture
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Abstract Food systems are a major contributor to exceeding planetary boundaries1,2,3 and poor quality diets are a key mortality risk globally4. Projected population and income growth could exacerbate these challenges5. In response, there are calls for transformation towards healthy and sustainable food systems6,7,8. However, the scale and distribution of the impacts of this transformation on agriculture are underexplored.
By Matthew Gibson, Marina J. M. Sundiang, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Thaís Oliveira, Felicitas Beier, Astrid Bos, Maksym G. Chepeliev, Jonathan C. Doelman, Shahnila Dunston, Shinichiro Fujimori, Tomoko Hasegawa, Petr Havlik, Jordan Hristov, Jonas Jägermeyr, Marta Kozicka, Marijke Kuiper, Page Kyle, Thijs de Lange, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Hermann Lotze-Campen, David Chen, Abhijeet Mishra Verified, Christoph Müller, Gerald C. Nelson, Amanda Palazzo, Ignacio Domínguez, Alexander Popp, Marco Springmann, Elke Stehfest, Timothy B. Sulser, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Ferike Thom, Philip Thornton, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Willem-Jan van Zeist, Hans van Meijl, Detlef van Vuuren, Hannah van Zanten, Isabelle Weindl, Keith Wiebe, Xin Zhao, Mario Herrero, Lauren Benavidez, Hermen Luchtenbelt, Ronald Sands, Gianmaria Tassinari, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe
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Nature
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Global dietary estimates for conducting health, environmental and economic impact assessments
Abstract Dietary intake has important implications for health, the environment and the economy. However, current global estimates of food intake are uncertain and incomplete. Here we develop a Global Dietary Database for Impact Assessments (GDD-IA) that combines data sources on regional food availability and food waste estimates, socio-demographic variation in intake from dietary surveys and energy intake estimates based on measurements of body weight, height and physical activity.
A food system transformation pathway reconciles 1.5 °C global warming with improved health, environment and social inclusion - Nature Food
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Abstract The improvement of the global food system requires a thorough understanding of how specific measures may contribute to the system’s transformation. Here we apply a global food and land system modelling framework to quantify the impact of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators related to public health, the environment, social inclusion and the economy, up to 2050. While all individual measures come with trade-offs, their combination can reduce trade-offs and enhance co-benefits.
By Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Felicitas Beier, Florian Humpenöder, Michael Crawford, David Chen, Patrick von Jeetze, Marco Springmann, Bjoern Soergel, Zebedee Nicholls, Jessica Strefler, Jared Lewis, Jens Heinke, Christoph Müller, Kristine Karstens, Isabelle Weindl, Miodrag Stevanović, Patrick Rein, Pascal Sauer, Abhijeet Mishra Verified, Alexandre C. Köberle, Xiaoxi Wang, Vartika Singh, Claudia Hunecke, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Simon Dietz, Jan Dietrich, Hermann Lotze-Campen
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Nature
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The Environmental and Health Impacts of Animal Source Foods
This article belongs to the debate » Defund Meat It is now well-established that our diets and the food systems underpinning them have substantial impacts on both our health and the environment. What is also clear is that without dietary changes towards more balanced and predominantly plant-based diets, there is little chance of limiting global warming, biodiversity loss, and environmental resource use and pollution more generally.
The health, environmental, and cost implications of providing healthy and sustainable school meals for every child by 2030: a global modelling study
ArticlesOnline first101278Open access aInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK bEnvironmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK cDepartment of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK dDepartment of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK Publication History: Published September 15, 2025 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanplh.2025.06.002 External LinkAlso available on...
Mejores sustitutos de la carne para tu salud, tu bolsillo y el planeta
Judías, hamburguesas vegetales, carne fabricada en laboratorio… un investigador en sostenibilidad ambiental y salud pública de la Universidad de Oxford analiza cuáles son las mejores y las peores alternativas al consumo de carne para tu cuerpo, el medioambiente y para tu economía. Actualizado: 30 de abril de 2025 A estas alturas, es bien sabido que la carne y los lácteos son, al menos en parte, responsables de la crisis climática.
A review of the quality of evidence of nutrient reference values
Introduction Globally, more than 2 billion people are estimated to suffer from at least one form of micronutrient deficiency.1 Deficiencies in common micronutrients, such as iron, vitamin A, and zinc, can lead to severe health outcomes, including life-threatening conditions and increased susceptibility to infections.2 Iron deficiency is a major contributor to anaemia, particularly in settings with low dietary iron intake and is associated with impaired cognitive development and mortality from...
Labour requirements for healthy and sustainable diets at global, regional, and national levels: a modelling study
Introduction Agriculture is an important provider of labour and income. Currently, more than a quarter of employed labourers—about 860 million people in 2020—work, broadly defined, in the agricultural sector, which includes agriculture, forestry, and fishing.1 Agricultural work is especially important in low-income countries, where it makes up a substantial share of employment.
Bundled measures for China’s food system transformation reveal social and environmental co-benefits - Nature Food
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Abstract Food systems are essential for the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in China. Here, using an integrated assessment modelling framework that considers country-specific pathways and covers 18 indicators, we find that most social and environmental targets for the Chinese food system under current trends are not aligned with the United Nations Agenda 2030.
By Xiaoxi Wang, Hao Cai, Jiaqi Xuan, Bin Lin, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Miodrag Stevanović, Quitterie Collignon, Changzheng Yuan, Lu Yu, Michael Crawford, Felicitas Beier, Hui Chen, Marco Springmann, David Chen Verified, Florian Humpenöder, Patrick von Jeetze, Bjoern Soergel, Jan Dietrich, Christoph Müller, Alexander Popp
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Nature
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A reform of value-added taxes on foods can have health, environmental and economic benefits in Europe - Nature Food
Abstract Fiscal policies can provide important incentives for encouraging the dietary changes needed to achieve global policy targets. Across Europe, the foods relevant to health and the environment often incur reduced but non-zero value-added tax (VAT) rates at about half the maximum rates, which allows for providing both incentives and disincentives.
Africa: The Best and Worst Meat Replacements for Your Health, Your Wallet and the Planet - New Research
analysis By now it's well established that meat and dairy are at least partly to blame for the climate crisis. And without coming off our addiction to animal products, we won't be able to avoid dangerous levels of global heating. What is less clear is what to replace your burger and cheese with. What's best for your health and the planet? And what about your wallet? These are the questions I tried to answer in a new study.
The best and worst meat replacements for your health, your wallet and the planet - new research
By now it’s well established that meat and dairy are at least partly to blame for the climate crisis. And without coming off our addiction to animal products, we won’t be able to avoid dangerous levels of global heating. What is less clear is what to replace your burger and cheese with. What’s best for your health and the planet? And what about your wallet? These are the questions I tried to answer in a new study.
New Study Uncovers Best Meat And Dairy Substitutes
By now it's well established that meat and dairy are at least partly to blame for the climate crisis. And without coming off our addiction to animal products, we won't be able to avoid dangerous levels of global heating. What is less clear is what to replace your burger and cheese with. What's best for your health and the planet? And what about your wallet? These are the questions I tried to answer in a new study.
The best and worst meat replacements for your health, your wallet and the planet - new research
By Marco Springmann, Senior Researcher on Environment and Health, University of Oxford By now it’s well established that meat and dairy are at least partly to blame for the climate crisis. And without coming off our addiction to animal products, we won’t be able to avoid dangerous levels of global heating. What is less clear is what to replace your burger and cheese with. What’s best for your health and the planet? And what about your wallet?
The best and worst meat replacements for your health, your wallet and the planet - new research
By now it’s well established that meat and dairy are at least partly to blame for the climate crisis. And without coming off our addiction to animal products, we won’t be able to avoid dangerous levels of global heating. What is less clear is what to replace your burger and cheese with. What’s best for your health and the planet? And what about your wallet? These are the questions I tried to answer in a new study.
Cleaner air from plant-based diets could save 200,000 lives around world Original
Ingrid Newkirk, president of People for the Ethical Treatments of Animals, demonstrates outside the Supreme Court in 2022. Animal farming is a major source of ammonia emissions. File Photo by Leigh Vogel/UPI | License Photo Jan. 2 (UPI) -- Adopting a healthier diet will probably feature prominently in many of our New Year's resolutions. But it's often challenging for people to live up to their intentions. There are good reasons to persist in making deliberate choices about what's on your plate.
The global and regional air quality impacts of dietary change - Nature Communications
Abstract Air pollution increases cardiovascular and respiratory-disease risk, and reduces cognitive and physical performance. Food production, especially of animal products, is a major source of methane and ammonia emissions which contribute to air pollution through the formation of particulate matter and ground-level ozone.
Eating a nutritionally adequate diet is possible without wrecking long-term health, the planet, or the pocket
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Four ways blue foods can help achieve food system ambitions across nations - Nature Original
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Abstract Blue foods, sourced in aquatic environments, are important for the economies, livelihoods, nutritional security and cultures of people in many nations. They are often nutrient rich1, generate lower emissions and impacts on land and water than many terrestrial meats2, and contribute to the health3, wellbeing and livelihoods of many rural communities4. The Blue Food Assessment recently evaluated nutritional, environmental, economic and justice dimensions of blue foods globally.
By Beatrice Crona, Emmy Wassénius, Malin Jonell, Rebecca Short, Michelle Tigchelaar, Tim M. Daw, Christopher Golden, Jessica A. Gephart, Edward Allison, Simon R. Bush, Fabrice DeClerck, Jessica Fanzo, Stefan Gelcich, Benjamin Halpern, David Little, Fiorenza Micheli, Rosamond Naylor, Michael Phillips, Elizabeth Selig, Marco Springmann, U. Rashid Sumaila, Shakuntala Thilsted, J. Zachary Koehn
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Nature
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Pollinator Deficits, Food Consumption, and Consequences for Human Health: A Modeling Study
Background: Animal pollination supports agricultural production for many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes, that provide key nutrients and protect against noncommunicable disease. Today, most crops receive suboptimal pollination because of limited abundance and diversity of pollinating insects.
China wants more people to eat potatoes - how changing national diets could help fix our global food crisis. Podcast
How do you get a country to change its national diet? That’s what China has been trying by introducing potato as a staple as part of an effort to improve food security. In this episode of The Conversation Weekly, we talk to three experts about why countries need to shift what their citizens eat, and what the optimum diet for our planet might be. Chinese farmers plant the largest amount of potatoes in the world, and the country produces about 20% of the global potato output.
Landwirtschaft: Plädoyer für eine Reform der Agrarsubventionen
Wie sinnvoll sind Agrarsubventionen noch? Dem Klima könnte eine Umlenkung gut tun, doch die Wirtschaft würde leiden. Bild: dpa Zu viele Subventionen stützen die Fleischproduktion. Wie eine Förderung nachhaltiger aussehen könnte. Das globale Ernährungssystem ist aus den Fugen geraten. Die Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft ist für rund ein Drittel aller Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich.
We need a food system transformation-In the face of the Russia-Ukraine war, now more than ever
The transformation toward a healthy, just, and environmentally friendly food system needs to be reinforced—and not abandoned—in the face of the Russia-Ukraine war. We need comprehensive solutions that bring short-term relief and also avert the existential threat our food system poses to the health of people and the planet. 1 Projected increase in acute food insecurity due to war in Ukraine. World Food Programme.
Commentary: We should eat more plants but countries subsidise meat and dairy farming
OXFORD: The global food system is in disarray. Animal agriculture is a major driver of global heating, and as many as 12 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, cancers and diabetes are each year connected to eating the wrong things, like too much red and processed meat and too few fruits and vegetables.
Meat and dairy gobble up farming subsidies worldwide, which is bad for your health and the planet
The global food system is in disarray. Animal agriculture is a major driver of global heating, and as many as 12 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, cancers and diabetes are each year connected to eating the wrong things, like too much red and processed meat and too few fruits and vegetables.
Meat and dairy gobble up farming subsidies worldwide, which is bad for your health and the planet
The global food system is in disarray. Animal agriculture is a major driver of global heating, and as many as 12 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, cancers and diabetes are each year connected to eating the wrong things, like too much red and processed meat and too few fruits and vegetables.
Meat and dairy gobble up farming subsidies worldwide, which is bad for your health and the planet
The global food system is in disarray. Animal agriculture is a major driver of global heating, and as many as 12 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, cancers and diabetes are each year connected to eating the wrong things, like too much red and processed meat and too few fruits and vegetables.
Meat and dairy gobble up farming subsidies worldwide; it's bad for…
Meat and dairy gobble up farming subsidies worldwide; it's bad for your health and the planet 12 January 2022 by Dr Marco Springmann Senior Researcher in Population Health Marco is interested in policy analysis and questions related to sustainability. He is currently working together with researchers from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, the Department of International Development, and the Environmental Ch... The global food system is in disarray.
Meat and dairy gobble up farming subsidies worldwide, which is bad for your health and the planet
The global food system is in disarray. Animal agriculture is a major driver of global heating, and as many as 12 million deaths from heart disease, stroke, cancers and diabetes are each year connected to eating the wrong things, like too much red and processed meat and too few fruits and vegetables.
How vegan and vegetarian diets could save you money
Updated / Wednesday, 5 Jan 2022 12:27 'A vegan diet costs a third less than the current western diets with high amounts of meat and dairy that many people consume in high income countries'.
Vegan, vegetarian and flexitarian diets could save you money – new research
A study reveals that a vegan diet costs a third less than diets with high amounts of meat and dairy, in high income countries like the UK. Switching to a more plant-based diet, with vegetarian, flexitarian and vegan options could save almost $900 per-person. Low income countries' typical diets are different to high-income countries, so healthier diets were found to be more expensive there.
Las dietas veganas, vegetarianas y flexitarianas podrían ahorrarle dinero según nueva investigación
Muchas personas están eligiendo hacer el cambio a dietas basadas en plantas por muchas razones, incluso como una forma de reducir su huella climática o estar más saludables. Sin embargo, durante mucho tiempo ha existido la noción de que las dietas basadas en plantas son inherentemente más caras que seguir una dieta omnívora más tradicional, por lo que algunas personas pueden dudar en hacer el cambio. Pero resulta que esto no es del todo exacto.
Vegan, vegetarian and flexitarian diets could save you money - new research
Many people are choosing to make the switch to plant-based diets for many reasons – including as a way of cutting their climate footprint or to be healthier. Yet there’s long been the notion that plant-based diets are inherently more expensive than following a more traditional omnivore diet – which is why some people may be hesitant to make the switch. But it turns out that this isn’t entirely accurate.
The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study
17 World Bank Purchasing power parities and the real size of world economies: results from the 2017 International Comparison Program. 2015.
The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study
Introduction The food system is facing increasing environmental and health challenges.
Post-Brexit trade deals may cause 1,500 additional diet-related deaths every year - new study
From chlorinated chicken to hormone-injected beef, the UK’s food supply could soon change for the worse if a series of new trade deals come into force. The UK is heavily reliant on imports and therefore especially vulnerable to changes in trade policy. Half of all food consumed in the UK is imported, including more than three-quarters of all fruits and vegetables.
Is the Irish diet eco-friendly?
Updated / Friday, 18 Sep 2020 11:29 Changing your diet is one of the most effective ways of reducing your environmental footprint. What Planet Are You On?'s Food Scientist Dr. Marco Springmann, Senior Researcher on Environmental Sustainability and Public Health at the University of Oxford, explains how our diet impacts the planet and what changes we can make to improve our environmental footprint. Changing your diet is one of the most effective ways of reducing your environmental footprint.
The healthiness and sustainability of national and global food based dietary guidelines: modelling study
Research The healthiness and...
Sustainable Food Plan
Updated / Monday, 18 Nov 2019 10:45 Changing your diet is one of the most effective ways of reducing your environmental footprint. What planet are you on?'s diet expertDr. Marco Springmann, a Senior Researcher in Population Health, explains how our diet impacts the planet and what small changes we can make to improve both our environmental footprint and our health. Changing your diet is one of the most effective ways of reducing your environmental footprint.
Multiple health and environmental impacts of foods
Significance Dietary choices are a leading global cause of mortality and environmental degradation and threaten the attainability of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement. To inform decision making and to better identify the multifaceted health and environmental impacts of dietary choices, we describe how consuming 15 different food groups is associated with 5 health outcomes and 5 aspects of environmental degradation.
Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change
Significance The food system is responsible for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions while unhealthy diets and high body weight are among the greatest contributors to premature mortality. Our study provides a comparative analysis of the health and climate change benefits of global dietary changes for all major world regions. We project that health and climate change benefits will both be greater the lower the fraction of animal-sourced foods in our diets.
Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems
1. Whitmee S Haines A Beyrer C et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health. Lancet. 2015; 386: 1973-2028 2. Steffen W Richardson K Rockström J et al. Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science. 2015; 347: 1259855 3. International Food Policy Research Institute 2017 Global food policy report. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC2017 4.
Why Taxing Sausages And Bacon Could Save Hundreds Of Thousands Of Lives Every Year
shutterstock By now you’ve probably heard that eating too much red and processed meat is bad for you. Not only is it associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, but there is also convincing evidence that red and processed meat can cause cancer.
Taxing sausages and bacon could save hundreds of thousands of lives every year
By now you’ve probably heard that eating too much red and processed meat is bad for you. Not only is it associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, but there is also convincing evidence that red and processed meat can cause cancer . The cancer agency of the World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies the consumption of red meat, which includes beef, lamb, and pork, as carcinogenic – or having the potential to cause cancer if eaten in processed form.
Meat tax: why taxing sausages and bacon could save hundreds of thousands of lives every year
By now you’ve probably heard that eating too much red and processed meat is bad for you. Not only is it associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, but there is also convincing evidence that red and processed meat can cause cancer. The cancer agency of the World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies the consumption of red meat, which includes beef, lamb, and pork, as carcinogenic – or having the potential to cause cancer if eaten in processed form.
Health-motivated taxes on red and processed meat: A modelling study on optimal tax levels and associated health impacts
Loading metrics Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article Marco Springmann , Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Sherman Robinson, Keith Wiebe, H. Charles J. Godfray, Mike Rayner, Peter Scarborough Marco Springmann, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Sherman Robinson, Keith Wiebe, H. Charles J.
Brexit effect: Costlier food imports could lead to 5,600 diet-related deaths a year, says study
Britain is highly dependent on imported food. By value, imports make up more than 90% of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the United Kingdom and half of the meat. Brexit is expected to increase trade costs and make food imports more expensive, something that could lead to changes in diets and dietary risk factors that influence health.
Brexit diet could lead to 5,600 deaths a year as fresh fruit and veg prices shoot up
Britain is highly dependent on imported food. By value, imports make up more than 90% of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK and half of the meat. Brexit is expected to increase trade costs and make food imports more expensive, something that could lead to changes in diets and dietary risk factors that influence health.
5,600 Britons could die each year as fruit and veg prices shoot up post-Brexit
Britain is highly dependent on imported food. By value, imports make up more than 90 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK and half of the meat. Brexit is expected to increase trade costs and make food imports more expensive, something that could lead to changes in diets and dietary risk factors that influence health.
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